Now, for something different...
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[video=youtube;SIu1jNhLy9Q]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SIu1jNhLy9Q&feature=related[/video]
Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll
On April 12th, 1954, a young man and his band walked into a New York City music studio to record their first single for a music company called Decca Records. His name was Bill Haley and a song he recorded during that session was an upbeat tune that celebrated dancing called “Rock Around the Clock”. It was released a month later…where it failed to gain traction. In an example of bad timing, the energetic song came out at a time of great political upheaval in the United States. The Stevenson Assassination, Sparkman’s elevation to the Presidency, the Oppenheimer Scandal, and the Brown versus Board Supreme Court ruling had left the country in a sour mood. No one felt like rocking around the clock, so the song failed to make much of a splash in the music charts. A year later however, the country was in a better mood and a new MGM movie called “Blackboard Jungle” decided to use “Rock Around the Clock” for the opening credits. The result was instant popularity for the song; it shot to #1 on the music charts and inspired the film’s teenage audience to literally leap to their feet and dance whenever the song played during the movie.
Haley’s song ushered in mainstream popularity for a new genre of music that emerged during the 1950s: rock and roll. This uniquely American form of music sprang up as a result of mixing African-American blues, country, jazz, and gospel music together. What made rock and roll stand out from other genres was its primary audience: white teenagers. Unlike their parents, teens didn’t care that rock and roll was a product of black culture; it was music they loved and they couldn’t get enough of it. Record companies and radio stations recognized that there was money to be made in giving teens what they wanted and proceeded to make and broadcast music aimed primarily at them. From its’ humble beginnings in 1951 (when an Ike Turner tune called “Rocket 88” – generally regarded to be the first rock and roll song – was released), this genre exploded in 1955 following the rise of “Rock Around the Clock”. White singers followed Haley’s lead and produced plenty of get-up-and-dance hits that thrilled the young and offended the “our white kids shouldn’t be listening to black music”-minded old. Jerry Lee Lewis, ignoring anger from parents about what they regarded to be
“the devil’s music”, used his piano background to produce hits like “Whole Lotta Shaking Going On” and “Great Balls of Fire”. Carl Perkins, who grew up listening to gospel music, warned his dancing audiences not to step on his “Blue Suede Shoes”. Another gospel-background singer who became famous during this time was Johnny Cash. Armed with a deep and distinctive voice, Cash found success with such songs as “Folsom Prison Blues” and “I Walk the Line”.
Then there’s Elvis Aaron Presley. Born in Tupelo, Mississippi in January 1935, Elvis grew up playing music and loved listening to African-American singers like Sister Rosetta Tharpe. After making some initial recordings for Sun Records in Memphis, Tennessee, Elvis became contracted to RCA Victor in November 1955. Two months later, RCA released their first Elvis single: “Heartbreak Hotel”. A moody song, “Heartbreak Hotel” shot Elvis to the top of the music charts and help make him a popular singer. His black-sounding voice and hip gyrations caused female audience members to literally scream at the top of their lungs during his shows. It wasn’t until he performed “Hound Dog” on NBC’s “Milton Berle Show” in June 1956 that his energetic hip movements became a source of controversy. Just like Janet Jackson’s wardrobe accident at the 2004 Super Bowl halftime show, Elvis’ dancing on “Berle” created a storm of protests. According to New York Times television critic Jack Gould:
“Mr. Presley has no discernible singing ability. His phrasing, if it can be called that, consists of the stereotyped variations that go with a beginner's aria in a bathtub. His one specialty is an accented movement of the body primarily identified with the repertoire of the blond bombshells of the burlesque runway.”
Gould and other critics accused Elvis of being
“unfit for family viewing”; the high ratings Berle got from having “Elvis the Pelvis” on his show said something else entirely. Although he thought the rising singer was
“strange and gangly”, NBC’s Steve Allen booked Elvis on his show in July. The result: Allen came in first place in the ratings. This was significant because the show Allen beat in the ratings was CBS’ “Ed Sullivan Show”. “Sullivan” was the most popular variety show in the country (to the point where virtually every American stopped whatever they were doing on Sunday nights to watch him); to beat it would undoubtedly raise eyebrows. It certainly raised Sullivan’s considerable eyebrows. Previously, the host vowed never to allow the singer he deemed
“dirty and vulgar” to perform on his show. Then the ratings came in and everything changed. Ending up in second place behind Allen made Sullivan realize that Elvis was a youth-magnet. Young people loved him and would watch whatever show he was on. If Elvis wasn’t on “Sullivan”, then they wouldn’t watch the show. If Sullivan wanted young people to watch his show, he would have to put HIM on. In one of the most famous 180-degree turns in history, Sullivan summarily booked Elvis to perform on his show that September…gyrations included.
Sixty million viewers tuned in to hear Elvis on “Sullivan” sing “Love Me Tender” and his other hit songs. His September 9th appearance became a cultural milestone that symbolized the growing power of youths. To quote historian Marty Jezer:
“As Presley set the artistic pace, other artists followed. Presley, more than anyone else, gave the young a belief in themselves as a distinct and somehow unified generation—the first in America ever to feel the power of an integrated youth culture.”
Young people had forced Sullivan to host a singer that he wanted to have nothing to do with. Having scored a significant victory, teenagers of this generation set their sights on using rock and roll to aid the cause of civil rights. White teens rallied behind black singers, demonstrating that even segregation was no match for popular music. Even though they still had to live in a Jim Crow-dominated society, African-Americans saw rock and roll as a way to prove that “whatever whites can do, we can do better.” One black singer who personified this attitude was Chuck Berry. Born in St. Louis, Missouri in October 1926, Berry was a blues/country guitar player known for injecting showmanship into his stage performances. While playing his guitar and singing songs like “Maybellene” and “Johnny B. Goode”, he would walk across the stage like a duck (stooping with full-bended knees while his back and head stayed vertical). Another popular black singer was Fats Domino, a native of New Orleans, Louisiana best known for singing about how he found his thrill on “Blueberry Hill”. Then there’s Little Richard. Born Richard Wayne Penniman in December 1932, he was the living embodiment of the energy that drove rock and roll. Charismatic and possessing a seemingly endless reserve of energy, Richard exploded onto the music scene in the mid-1950s like a hurricane. He was the most flamboyant African-American of the Sparkman years, singing and performing in a style that was uniquely his. Richard would often play the piano frantically, shouting the whole time while making wild motions with his body. Like his raw and frenzied performances, his music was loud and over-the-top with a dash of energetic “whoooo”. Whether it was “Tutti Frutti” or “Long Tall Sally”, white and black teens alike would fall under Richard’s spell at his concerts and dance like there was no tomorrow.
With all this great music coming out, it would be easy to think that the rock and roll party would go on forever. Of course, no party lasts forever and fate devised several ways to shut this party down. The most tragic coldwater treatment unfolded on February 2nd, 1959 in Clear Lake, Iowa. In the middle of a cold winter, three popular singers were on a three-week-long tour of the Midwest: Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J. P. Richardson (better known as “The Big Bopper”). Holly, a native of Lubbock, Texas who taught himself how to play the guitar and write songs, was riding high on the success of hit songs like “That’ll Be the Day” and “Cindy Lou”. Valens, a Mexican-American left-handed guitarist, was just eight months into a recording career that included “Donna” (written by Valens in honor of his girlfriend) and “La Bamba” (a rock and roll version of a Mexican folk song that Valens sung entirely in Spanish despite not being fluent in the language). Richardson, a former disc jockey who came up with the term “music video”, was also a guitarist. Known for his crew cut and vivid facial expressions, The Big Bopper was an exuberant stage presence who enjoyed starting off songs like “Chantilly Lace” with a loud
“Hello baby!”
A valuable lesson the three singers learned during their tour is that you have to have a good tour bus to ride around in during a cold winter. Unfortunately for them, the bus they chose was a bad one whose heating system kept breaking down. The system gave a final heave and gave out in Clear Lake on February 2nd. Stranded with a freezing bus, the singers performed a last-minute show at the local Surf Ballroom while an alternative mode of transportation was located. They found out that for $36 per person, a four-seat single-engine 1947 Beechcraft Bonanza 35 (V-tail model) plane – piloted by an inexperienced twenty-one-year-old named Roger Peterson – could fly three members of the entourage 380 miles to their next gig in Moorhead, Minnesota. Everyone else would have to take a cold bus ride there. Holly took a seat, citing the need to clean his undergarments before the next show. Richardson took the next seat, wanting to go see a doctor in Moorhead since he was suffering from the flu. That just left one more seat, which both Valens (despite his fear of flying) and a Holly band guitarist named Tommy Allsup wanted. The two men decided to settle the dispute with a coin toss. A local stagehand tossed the coin into the air and Valens called out “heads”. When the coin hit the ground, the tails side showed instead. This meant Valens lost the coin toss and would have to stay behind while Allsup took the last seat. At the same time Richardson and Allsup prepared to leave the Surf Ballroom for the airport and a disappointed Valens went off to make a phone call, Holly walked over to another of his band mates – a twenty-one-year-old bassist named Waylon Jennings – and joked about how he and Valens would have to spend the night on the bus in the cold while Holly and the others would spend the night in a warm hotel room. Jennings shot back in jest,
“Well, I hope your old plane crashes.”
At 12:55 AM on February 3rd, the chartered plane took off from a local airport and ascended into the sky. A very light snowfall, winds blowing south at twenty knots, and a cloud ceiling of 3,000 feet above sea level (the airport itself sat 1,200 feet above sea level, so Peterson had 1,800 feet of airspace in which to work with) greeted the plane as it headed up. A few minutes after takeoff, radio contact between the plane and air traffic control suddenly cutoff. All efforts on the ground to re-establish contact failed. Three hours later, the airport at Peterson’s destination reported the plane to be missing. Shortly after 9:00 AM, it was found…smashed into a cornfield six miles from takeoff. The subsequent investigation revealed that the plane had slammed into the ground at 170 miles per hour and skidded 570 feet across frozen land before coming to rest in a crumpled pile against a barbwire fence. The bodies of Holly, Allsup, and Richardson were all found near the wreckage while Peterson’s was still entangled inside the plane. All four men had died instantly on impact in a crash that was blamed on poor weather conditions and pilot error resulting from spatial disorientation and inadequate weather warnings.
- Jiles Perry Richardson, Jr. (October 24th, 1930 – February 3rd, 1959)
- Tommy Allsup (November 24th, 1931 – February 3rd, 1959)
- Charles Hardin Holley (September 7th, 1936 – February 3rd, 1959)
- Roger Arthur Peterson (May 24th, 1937 – February 3rd, 1959)
News of the plane crash shocked the country. Two singers at the height of their popularity had died in a terrible tragedy. Even though Jennings and Valens would both go on to enjoy productive music careers (respectively country and Chicano rock), the crash left a permanent psychological mark upon both of them. Jennings’ joke to Holly that
“I hope your old plane crashes” would haunt the former for the rest of his life. The crash cemented Valens’ fear of flying into near-paralysis; to this day, he refuses to go airborne. This fear would be reinforced in October 1977 when Valens heard news of a plane crash in swampy Mississippi that killed members of the Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd. As tragic as the deaths of Holly and Richardson were, the crash was only the tip of the iceberg. As the 1950s drew to a close, rock and roll endured a series of body blows. While touring Australia in 1957, Little Richard’s wild offstage antics caught up with him and prompted a life-changing “I found God” moment. He thereafter retired from rock and roll to become an evangelistic preacher. In 1958, Elvis put his thriving music career on hold when the United States Army called him up for military duty. The most famous singer in America became an ordinary private (the lowest military rank) and was sent overseas to join a military division stationed in Austria. That same year, news broke that twenty-two-year-old Lewis was secretly married to his cousin Myra…who also happened to be thirteen-years-old. The news created a public uproar which virtually destroyed Lewis’ career. In 1959, Berry got himself into legal trouble when he was caught transporting a fourteen-year-old girl over state lines. As punishment for this illegal act, Berry was fined and thrown into prison. That same year, rock and roll was broadsided by the payola scandal. Popular disc-jockeys like Alan Freed were busted for illegally receiving bribes from record companies to broadcast certain songs. Payola also damaged the careers of those who had investments in the music publishing and recording business, such as “American Bandstand” host Dick Clark. Charges made in 1960 that he had a conflict of interest in promoting music tainted Clark professionally and negatively affected the popularity of “Bandstand” by casting a shadow over it – eventually leading to its’ cancellation by ABC in 1961.
American Bandstand (1952 – 1961), a victim of payola
While rock and roll suffered in the United States, the genre was booming across the Atlantic in England. Just as Japanese comics and animation enjoy popularity in the United States today, American rock and roll music found a receptive audience in the United Kingdom. Like their American counterparts, British teenagers loved the music being produced by singers like Elvis and Holly. Countless teens were inspired to pick up instruments and perform not only rock and roll but also other genres of music. A crop of British rock and rollers emerged which included notable names like Tommy Steele, Billy Fury, and Cliff Richard (“Move It”). Several music groups were formed in major British urban centers that would go on to enjoy success in the 1960s. One of these bands took root in Liverpool in 1956 when a high school student named John Lennon and several of his friends decided to form a rock and roll group called The Quarrymen (the name taken from a line in their high school’s song). During the next two years, Lennon recruited outsiders Paul McCartney and George Harrison to play in the band. In July 1958, The Quarrymen walked into a small studio to record two songs: their version of “That’ll Be the Day” and a McCartney-Harrison composition titled “In Spite of All the Danger”. As Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison walked out of the studio with their other two band mates, they had no idea that their recording careers had only just begun.