Episode Twelve: Ulysses Grant
Episode Twelve, Part IV
Number 19: Ulysses Grant
Party: Republican
46 years old, from Ohio
The Election of 1872
The four years of the current Grant Administration went by rather quickly if you asked anyone within the United States. The Grant Administration was noted for bringing about the end of Reconstruction, and the successful conquest of Haiti, and the promotion of both civil and human rights in the deep-south. However, political corruption, cronyism [1], and the impending financial crisis dominated local and national headlines when it came to the Grant Administration.
The Republicans unanimously re-nominated President Grant as their choice for the Presidency, the Democratic Party nominated Horace Greeley, who had was the first candidate to be on three party tickets all at once. The Liberal Republicans, a splinter faction of the Republican Party seeking an end to Radical leadership and reforms, formed by Horace Greeley was the first to nominated the New York editor as their candidate for the Presidency. This was followed by the American “Know Nothing” Party, the Know Nothings, who were held in a sympathetic light by Horace Greeley, was quick to nominated Greeley on their ticket. By the time the Democratic Party’s Convention rolled around, the party decided to nominate Greeley as well, hoping that he would be able to defeat Grant and the Republicans rather than the leading Democrat, Senator Thomas F. Bayard of Delaware, who would have a tough time having to face Greeley on two tickets, and Grant on the Republican Ticket.
Horace Greeley, a prominent Newspaper publisher, now the Democratic, Liberal Republican, and Know Nothing nominee for the office of the Presidency.
The race between the two men became national headlines across the country. Horace Greeley, who was seen as a political moderate, attacked Grant for wasteful spending, political corruption, and leading the United States into economic stagnation. The less-than charismatic Grant simply smiled at Greeley and laughed off his threats and talked about improving the standing of living in the South and talked about his new monetary reforms that would prevent the country from falling into financial panic.
The campaign of 1872 was nothing more than a one-sided debate. Horace Greeley was unanimously conceived as the next President and the superior debater and orator. Greeley laid out his plans for economic and financial reforms, political reforms, and the withdrawal of US troops and ships from Haiti as soon as possible. Greeley proposed a 20% tax decrease and a 30% tax freeze to get the economy stabilized. He then proposed tighter restriction on banks and increased business taxes to keep the country from entering debt. Lastly, Greeley stated that he would nominate real politicians for political office, not friends and inexperienced military officers who knew nothing of national politics.
The election of 1872 marked the last election of the “Reconstruction Era,” and marked the beginning of the “Gilded Age” in American political history, marking the final shift out of the ‘civil war syndrome’ that the Republican Party played on to maintain their power following the collapse of the Confederacy in 1864, a syndrome that saw the Republicans play the “we won the war” card in the 1864 and 1868 Presidential elections, and the 1866 and 1870 midterm elections.
In New York City, President Grant went toe-to-toe with Horace Greeley in front of 10,000 citizens who gathered to listen to the two men debate in person. During the debate, Greeley famously said,
“You know what you’ll get if you vote for Grant. You’ll get a President who thinks he can spend more money than he actually has, which will result in tax increases on all Americans. You’ll get a President who doesn’t have an experienced cabinet, and you’ll get a President who doesn’t have a rational thought about the second-tier, yet still important matters of immigration, monetary reform, and the public-image of the United States in light of the unnecessary war with Haiti. So you can vote for this man who stands before you and pretends that there are no problems facing the United States, or you can vote for Horace Greeley, a man who will effectively combat the problems facing the United States with an experienced political cabinet of all ideologies; that’s why I’m running as a Liberal Republican, Know Nothing, and a Democrat.”
Despite the one-sided campaign, the Republicans, mainly the Radicals who disapproved of Greeley, fought back and used many slanderous cartoons to try and sway the vote back to Grant and the Republicans.
Come Election Day, the verdict was unanimous across the country. As reports came flooding into mainstream newspapers, writers, cartoonists, and editors hailed the Greeley victory as a turn away from the Reconstructionist policies of the past and a vote for the policies of the future.
House Breakdown: (294 members)
House Plurality: Democratic, 139 seats
House Minority: Republican, 133 seats
Third Party: American Party, 22 seats
Senate Breakdown (76 members)
Senate Majority: Republican, 40 seats (-3)
Senate Minority: Democratic, 30 seats (-)
Third Party: Liberal-Republican, 3 seats (+3)
Fourth Party: American Party, 3 seats (-)
House Speaker: Thomas Kinsella (D-New York)
President Pro-Tempore: Henry B. Anthony (R-Rhode Island)
However, the unthinkable and unforeseeable happened. As a majority of the college electors made their trip to Washington DC to cast their vote, Greeley’s wife died. Horace Greeley quickly descended into madness, and when he spotted Whitelaw Reid, owner of the New York Herald, who also became the owner of the New York Tribune as Greeley was running for the Presidency, Greeley shouted, “You son of a bitch, you stole my newspaper!” As Greeley went insane, he died on November 29, 1872, days before the Electoral College would cast their vote.
As a result of his death, the Liberal Republicans folded back into the Republican ranks, their party destroyed without their leader. With the death of Greeley following his electoral victory, the Electoral College was in shambles and chaos. They were, among other things, confused, and not sure what to do. Greeley, who had won 188 Electoral votes, winning the election 188-182 (carrying the states of: Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Maryland, New York and Ohio).
The League of Dixie ordered all Democratic states to cast their vote for Senator Thomas “Stonewall" Jackson, all American Party states ordered for all Know Nothing states to cast their vote for Henry Perrin Coon, the former Know Nothing candidate in 1868, and all Liberal Republican states ordered their votes to be cast for Greeley’s running mate, Benjamin Gratz Brown, who would end up being the Vice Presidential candidate on multiple tickets following Greeley’s untimely death.
The lack of communication doomed the Democratic-American-Liberal Republican coalitions that had defeated Grant in the general election with 3,568,488 (52.1%) popular votes, to Grant’s 3,164,508 (46.1%) popular votes. Rather than all vote for the same candidate, their electors pledged to individual party leaders, and, to make things worse, several state electors broke party ranks, and voted for Grant, who had ran second over the Prohibition Party which gathered 121,001 votes (2.8%). In the end, Grant went on to win reelection when the Electoral College met and cast their vote.
Greeley/Brown (Coalition), 0 Electoral votes, 0 states carried (had carried 21 states), 3,568,488 popular votes (52.1%)
Grant/Wilson (Republican), 206 Electoral votes, 18 states carried, 3,164,508 popular votes (46.1%)
Jackson/Brown (Democrat), 116 Electoral votes, 12 states carried, no popular votes
Coon/Brown (American), 48 Electoral votes, 8 states carried, no popular votes
Black/Russell (Prohibition), 0 Electoral votes, 0 states carried, 121,001 popular votes (2.8%)
Total: 370 Electoral Votes - 38 states - 6,853,997 popular votes (100%)
[1] Cronyism is a political term that describes the favorable preference of friends receiving benefits over men who are more deserving in the political world.