Kimek–Kipchak confederation
Bashkirs and Pechenegs
Uyghurs
The Uighurs stayed on Orkhon until 840, when they, in turn, were defeated and exterminated by the Kyrgyz. Their remains were scattered in different directions; home
the group seems to have gone to Gansu (Kan-su), where the Uighurs founded a new kingdom, which lasted until the era of the power of Tangut, i.e. circa up to 1020
Tanguts
Shatuo Turks
Karluks
The original name of this Karluk tribe is Qarluq (in the Chinese transcription Ko-lo-lu - ** Gelolu), but early Muslim authors are much more likely to use the Qarlukh and Khallukh forms of which the latter is very easy to confuse with Khalaj.
The Tukhsi are interesting primarily because they, apparently, were the remains of a large Turgesh federation. The Türgeshes (Tu-k'i-shih in Chinese) were one of the five clans that made up the Tu-lu (** dulu) group of Western tukue (T'u-chüeh).
The appearance of the Karluks meant not only the transfer of political leadership to them, but also without a doubt, their capture of the best pasture land. However, the tribes of Turgesh federations could not be completely destroyed; part of them migrated in the western direction, and part retained the most remote habitats and,
probably even enjoyed some autonomy.
Tribes of Tukhsi, Yagma and Chigil near Karluks, аccording to Hudud al-Alam.
Toguzguz is Uyghurs
Sogdiana
Khazaria
Magyars and Cumans http://steppes.proboards.com/thread/1224/pictures-steppe-warriors?page=78.
1: Magyar woman, 10th C
2: Khazar Jewish warrior, 9th C.
3: Vyatchian Slav tribesman, 8th–9th Cs
I would like to imagine that Kimek Kaganate is not divided into small tribes.
Kimek–Kipchak confederation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimek–Kipchak_confederation.
They were strong enough to defeat the Oguzes (Ghuzz) and oust the Pechenegs (Oguz tribes) from the Black Sea. Oguzes are the ancestors of modern Turks, Azerbaijanis, Gagauz, Turkmen.
Tribal composition.
According to Gardizi, the Kimek confederation included the seven tribes of:
Īmī, Īmāk, Tatār, Bayāndur, Khifchāq (Kipchaks), Nilqāz (Lanikaz), Ajlad. Kipchaks in European languages will be Cumans.
Kimek–Kipchak confederation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimek–Kipchak_confederation.
They were strong enough to defeat the Oguzes (Ghuzz) and oust the Pechenegs (Oguz tribes) from the Black Sea. Oguzes are the ancestors of modern Turks, Azerbaijanis, Gagauz, Turkmen.
Tribal composition.
According to Gardizi, the Kimek confederation included the seven tribes of:
Īmī, Īmāk, Tatār, Bayāndur, Khifchāq (Kipchaks), Nilqāz (Lanikaz), Ajlad. Kipchaks in European languages will be Cumans.
Bashkirs and Pechenegs
Bashkirs occupied the modern Motherland after the departure of the Hungarians.
Kangars and Badjanaks
Pechenegs in the middle of the X century
Al-Maqdisi has a message that in the second half of the IX century. The “four kindred peoples of the Turkic clan” - the Badzhaks, Badzhgards, Badzhins and Naukherds in the battle of the Gurgansk (Aral) Sea were defeated by the Allied forces of the Oghuz, Kimaks and Karluks. This report by Makdisi served as the basis for R.G. Kuzeev to claim that the Aral region was the original habitat of the ancestors of the Bashkirs.
From the earliest times, the Central Asian region was quite densely populated and developed in the socio-political sense, therefore the peoples living there, from ancient times, fell into the works of various authors. If the Bashkirs were one of the Central Asian peoples, they, it seems, would fall into the field of view of medieval authors. Meanwhile, neither before nor after the message of al Makdisi, among the peoples living in the Aral Sea region, the Bashkirs are not listed. All the authors unanimously point to the Pechenegs as one of the Central Asian peoples. They are in the VIII - early IX centuries. lived in the river basin. Syr Darya and in the Aral Sea steppes.
The Union of the above four peoples after these events near the Aral Sea did not break up and data about them again pops up a hundred years later, but in connection with the events in the Northern Black Sea region. Describing the events and peoples of the Northern Black Sea Region, al-Masudi (died around 956) writes that in 932 “four peoples of the Turkish tribe: Badzhna, Badzhgard, Badzhnak and Nauberd fought with Byzantium for the possession of the city of Valandar ... and went to the city Constantinople ”[Hvolson, 1868. P.104]. There are also reports of Eastern authors about the raids committed by the union of these four kindred peoples against the Slavs [Beilis, 1969. P.307]. The same four Turkic tribes are mentioned in connection with the Khazars and Alans [Garkavi, 1870. P.159].
The steady mention of the Bashkirs for more than two centuries along with the Pechenegs and their kinship noted by the Arabs is not some kind of confusion arising from the ignorance of the authors. These Pechenego-Bashkir ties were not a mere coincidence caused by purely military-political goals. It seems that these peoples were connected not only by a commonality of interests, but, most likely, by the proximity of origin.
Based on the foregoing, the ethnonym “badjanak / bashinak” can be etymologized from the words “bash” / “chief”, “head” and “prince, khan, leader, adviser, charge d'affaires, minister, especially trusted person”, that is, the name “ Bashinaki ”indicated their elite social position in the Bashkir-Pecheneg society, where the Bashkirs belonged to the estate of warriors (“ wolf ”/“ court ”). We see the same exogamous principle (“wolves / Bashkirs - deers / Pechenegs”), for example, in the message of Rashid-ad-Din, who writes that the ancestor of Genghis Khan in the twelfth tribe was considered Burte-chino (brown wolf), married to Goa Maral (beautiful doe).
In conclusion, it should be noted that in this Pecheneg-Bashkir society, the Bashkirs, as a military estate, were located north of the Pechenegs, that is, in the Urals, which corresponds to historical reality. Bashkirs in all sources are noted precisely in the Southern Urals and adjacent lands.
Konstantin Porfironet about the Pechenegs:
Let it be known that the whole of Pachinakia is divided into eight themes, having as many great archons. And the themes are as follows: the name of the first theme is Irtim, the second is Tsur, the third is Gila, the fourth is Kulpei, the fifth is Kharavoi, the sixth is Talmat, the seventh is Hopon, the eighth is Zopon. In the days when the Pachinakites were expelled from their country, they had archons in the theme of Irtim Vaitsu, in Zur - Kuela, in Gil - Kurkute, in Kulpei - Ipaos, in Kharavoi - Kaiduma, in the theme Talmat - Costa, in Hopon - Giatsi, and in the Zopon theme - Batan. After the death of these, their cousins inherited power, for their laws and ancient custom were established, according to which they had no right to transfer dignity to children or their brothers; it was enough for those who owned it and that they ruled throughout life. After their death, either their cousin or the sons of their cousins had to be elected, so that dignity would not always remain in one branch of the clan, but that relatives along the side line would inherit and receive honor. From an outsider, no one invades and does not become an archon. Eight fems are divided into forty parts, and they have lower rank archons.
You should know that the four genera of pachinakites, namely: the Quarzidur Fema, the Sirukalpei Fema, the Vorotalmat Fema and the Vulatsopon Fema, are located on the other side of the Dnieper River towards the edges [respectively] more eastern and northern, opposite Uzia, Khazarin, Alania, Kherson and other Climates. The remaining four genera are located on this side of the Dnieper River, towards the more western and northern edges, namely: the Giazikhopon theme is adjacent to Bulgaria, the Lower Gila theme is adjacent to Turkey, the Kharavoi theme is adjacent to Russia, and the Yavdiertim theme is adjacent to the payment countries of Russia localities, with ultyns, dervlenins, Lenzanins and other Slavs. Pachinakia is five days from Uzia and Khazaria, six days from Alania, ten days from Mordia, one day from Russia, four days from Turkey, half a day from Bulgaria, and it is very close to Kherson , and closer to the Bosporus.
The names of the Femas of the Pechenegs after their relocation to the Dnieper basin (Czebe Gy. Turco-byzantinische Miszeilen. S. 219) are considered their tribal names (Netneth l. Zur Kenntnis. 219. 1.). All forms of these names in chap. 37 - short and extended - are based on the Turkic form and can be translated (Baskakov N.A. Turkic languages. P. 129; Nemeth J. Zur Kenntnis. 219-224 1; Idem. Die Inschriften. S. 50).
Interpretation of his words:
The Irtim tribe (in the expanded version - Yavdiertim) corresponds to the Turk. Yabdy Erdim - "distinguished by merit." The tribe of Tsur (extended version - Quartsitsur) corresponds to the Turk. Kuerchi Chur - "blue chur" (where "chur" is an official). Gila tribe (advanced version - Hawuksingila) corresponds to Turk. Kabukshin Yula - “tree-bark-colored yula” (where “yula” or “gila”, “dyula” among the Magyars, is an official with a very high title). The Kulpei tribe (advanced version - Sirukalpei) corresponds to the Turk. Suru Kulbey is “gray kulbey” (where “kul” is part of the title or name, and “bay” is “master”). The tribe of Haravoi corresponds to the Turk. Kara Bay is the "black lord." The tribe of Talmat (advanced version - Vorotalmat) corresponds to the Turk. Boro Tolmach is a "dark translator." The Hopon tribe (an extended version of Giazihopon) corresponds to the Turk. Yazy Kopon (where Yazy is a proper name, which is found once again with Konstantin below and in the list of names of the Pecheneg "archons", and "kopon" is the title of official). The Zopon tribe (an extended version of Vulatsopon) corresponds to the Turk. Bula Chopon (where Bula is a proper name, and “chopon” is “shepherd”, that is, a shepherd). The color element noted in many tribal names is a very characteristic phenomenon for nomadic peoples.
The structure of the division of “femas” (tribes) described by Konstantin, namely: eight districts consisting of forty clans, divided into two parts, each of four (see: DAI. 37.32-40), resembles the tribal structure of modern nomadic peoples (Pletneva S.A. Pechenegi. S. 192). At the head of these eight districts (tribes) were the "archons", i.e. tribal leaders whose names in the Turkic version are as follows: Maychan, Kuel, Korkut (en), Y (a) pan, Kaydum, Kotan, Yazy / Yazay, Bota (n) (Baskakov N.A. Turkic languages. S. 129). Some of these names are also explainable. So, Machan is a diminutive of "buy" (master); Kuel - "stupid"; Korkut - a common Turkic name whose original meaning is: "One to be afraid of"; Kotan (or Costa) - "the hero’s arrow, which is itself looking for the enemy"; Botha or Botan is the “newborn camel” (Nemeth J. Die Inschriften. S. 51). Forty genera of Pechenegs, subordinate to the archons, in turn had leaders of a lower "rank".
Kangars and Badjanaks
Pechenegs in the middle of the X century
Al-Maqdisi has a message that in the second half of the IX century. The “four kindred peoples of the Turkic clan” - the Badzhaks, Badzhgards, Badzhins and Naukherds in the battle of the Gurgansk (Aral) Sea were defeated by the Allied forces of the Oghuz, Kimaks and Karluks. This report by Makdisi served as the basis for R.G. Kuzeev to claim that the Aral region was the original habitat of the ancestors of the Bashkirs.
From the earliest times, the Central Asian region was quite densely populated and developed in the socio-political sense, therefore the peoples living there, from ancient times, fell into the works of various authors. If the Bashkirs were one of the Central Asian peoples, they, it seems, would fall into the field of view of medieval authors. Meanwhile, neither before nor after the message of al Makdisi, among the peoples living in the Aral Sea region, the Bashkirs are not listed. All the authors unanimously point to the Pechenegs as one of the Central Asian peoples. They are in the VIII - early IX centuries. lived in the river basin. Syr Darya and in the Aral Sea steppes.
The Union of the above four peoples after these events near the Aral Sea did not break up and data about them again pops up a hundred years later, but in connection with the events in the Northern Black Sea region. Describing the events and peoples of the Northern Black Sea Region, al-Masudi (died around 956) writes that in 932 “four peoples of the Turkish tribe: Badzhna, Badzhgard, Badzhnak and Nauberd fought with Byzantium for the possession of the city of Valandar ... and went to the city Constantinople ”[Hvolson, 1868. P.104]. There are also reports of Eastern authors about the raids committed by the union of these four kindred peoples against the Slavs [Beilis, 1969. P.307]. The same four Turkic tribes are mentioned in connection with the Khazars and Alans [Garkavi, 1870. P.159].
The steady mention of the Bashkirs for more than two centuries along with the Pechenegs and their kinship noted by the Arabs is not some kind of confusion arising from the ignorance of the authors. These Pechenego-Bashkir ties were not a mere coincidence caused by purely military-political goals. It seems that these peoples were connected not only by a commonality of interests, but, most likely, by the proximity of origin.
Based on the foregoing, the ethnonym “badjanak / bashinak” can be etymologized from the words “bash” / “chief”, “head” and “prince, khan, leader, adviser, charge d'affaires, minister, especially trusted person”, that is, the name “ Bashinaki ”indicated their elite social position in the Bashkir-Pecheneg society, where the Bashkirs belonged to the estate of warriors (“ wolf ”/“ court ”). We see the same exogamous principle (“wolves / Bashkirs - deers / Pechenegs”), for example, in the message of Rashid-ad-Din, who writes that the ancestor of Genghis Khan in the twelfth tribe was considered Burte-chino (brown wolf), married to Goa Maral (beautiful doe).
In conclusion, it should be noted that in this Pecheneg-Bashkir society, the Bashkirs, as a military estate, were located north of the Pechenegs, that is, in the Urals, which corresponds to historical reality. Bashkirs in all sources are noted precisely in the Southern Urals and adjacent lands.
Konstantin Porfironet about the Pechenegs:
Let it be known that the whole of Pachinakia is divided into eight themes, having as many great archons. And the themes are as follows: the name of the first theme is Irtim, the second is Tsur, the third is Gila, the fourth is Kulpei, the fifth is Kharavoi, the sixth is Talmat, the seventh is Hopon, the eighth is Zopon. In the days when the Pachinakites were expelled from their country, they had archons in the theme of Irtim Vaitsu, in Zur - Kuela, in Gil - Kurkute, in Kulpei - Ipaos, in Kharavoi - Kaiduma, in the theme Talmat - Costa, in Hopon - Giatsi, and in the Zopon theme - Batan. After the death of these, their cousins inherited power, for their laws and ancient custom were established, according to which they had no right to transfer dignity to children or their brothers; it was enough for those who owned it and that they ruled throughout life. After their death, either their cousin or the sons of their cousins had to be elected, so that dignity would not always remain in one branch of the clan, but that relatives along the side line would inherit and receive honor. From an outsider, no one invades and does not become an archon. Eight fems are divided into forty parts, and they have lower rank archons.
You should know that the four genera of pachinakites, namely: the Quarzidur Fema, the Sirukalpei Fema, the Vorotalmat Fema and the Vulatsopon Fema, are located on the other side of the Dnieper River towards the edges [respectively] more eastern and northern, opposite Uzia, Khazarin, Alania, Kherson and other Climates. The remaining four genera are located on this side of the Dnieper River, towards the more western and northern edges, namely: the Giazikhopon theme is adjacent to Bulgaria, the Lower Gila theme is adjacent to Turkey, the Kharavoi theme is adjacent to Russia, and the Yavdiertim theme is adjacent to the payment countries of Russia localities, with ultyns, dervlenins, Lenzanins and other Slavs. Pachinakia is five days from Uzia and Khazaria, six days from Alania, ten days from Mordia, one day from Russia, four days from Turkey, half a day from Bulgaria, and it is very close to Kherson , and closer to the Bosporus.
The names of the Femas of the Pechenegs after their relocation to the Dnieper basin (Czebe Gy. Turco-byzantinische Miszeilen. S. 219) are considered their tribal names (Netneth l. Zur Kenntnis. 219. 1.). All forms of these names in chap. 37 - short and extended - are based on the Turkic form and can be translated (Baskakov N.A. Turkic languages. P. 129; Nemeth J. Zur Kenntnis. 219-224 1; Idem. Die Inschriften. S. 50).
Interpretation of his words:
The Irtim tribe (in the expanded version - Yavdiertim) corresponds to the Turk. Yabdy Erdim - "distinguished by merit." The tribe of Tsur (extended version - Quartsitsur) corresponds to the Turk. Kuerchi Chur - "blue chur" (where "chur" is an official). Gila tribe (advanced version - Hawuksingila) corresponds to Turk. Kabukshin Yula - “tree-bark-colored yula” (where “yula” or “gila”, “dyula” among the Magyars, is an official with a very high title). The Kulpei tribe (advanced version - Sirukalpei) corresponds to the Turk. Suru Kulbey is “gray kulbey” (where “kul” is part of the title or name, and “bay” is “master”). The tribe of Haravoi corresponds to the Turk. Kara Bay is the "black lord." The tribe of Talmat (advanced version - Vorotalmat) corresponds to the Turk. Boro Tolmach is a "dark translator." The Hopon tribe (an extended version of Giazihopon) corresponds to the Turk. Yazy Kopon (where Yazy is a proper name, which is found once again with Konstantin below and in the list of names of the Pecheneg "archons", and "kopon" is the title of official). The Zopon tribe (an extended version of Vulatsopon) corresponds to the Turk. Bula Chopon (where Bula is a proper name, and “chopon” is “shepherd”, that is, a shepherd). The color element noted in many tribal names is a very characteristic phenomenon for nomadic peoples.
The structure of the division of “femas” (tribes) described by Konstantin, namely: eight districts consisting of forty clans, divided into two parts, each of four (see: DAI. 37.32-40), resembles the tribal structure of modern nomadic peoples (Pletneva S.A. Pechenegi. S. 192). At the head of these eight districts (tribes) were the "archons", i.e. tribal leaders whose names in the Turkic version are as follows: Maychan, Kuel, Korkut (en), Y (a) pan, Kaydum, Kotan, Yazy / Yazay, Bota (n) (Baskakov N.A. Turkic languages. S. 129). Some of these names are also explainable. So, Machan is a diminutive of "buy" (master); Kuel - "stupid"; Korkut - a common Turkic name whose original meaning is: "One to be afraid of"; Kotan (or Costa) - "the hero’s arrow, which is itself looking for the enemy"; Botha or Botan is the “newborn camel” (Nemeth J. Die Inschriften. S. 51). Forty genera of Pechenegs, subordinate to the archons, in turn had leaders of a lower "rank".
Uyghurs
The Uighurs stayed on Orkhon until 840, when they, in turn, were defeated and exterminated by the Kyrgyz. Their remains were scattered in different directions; home
the group seems to have gone to Gansu (Kan-su), where the Uighurs founded a new kingdom, which lasted until the era of the power of Tangut, i.e. circa up to 1020
Tanguts
At first, the Tanguts occupied a small territory
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
But then they expanded the territory, fighting with the Uyghurs, Tibetans, Chinese, Khitan
Northern Song Dynasty
These Tangut drawings are perfectly preserved. The bottom picture is modern
Praying noble men and women
Portraits of noble men and women
Noble Tangut official
Deity of the moon
Xi Xia Warriors
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
But then they expanded the territory, fighting with the Uyghurs, Tibetans, Chinese, Khitan
Northern Song Dynasty
These Tangut drawings are perfectly preserved. The bottom picture is modern
Praying noble men and women
Portraits of noble men and women
Noble Tangut official
Deity of the moon
Xi Xia Warriors
Shatuo Turks
The Turkic Chatuo, the last descendants of the Huns, lived for a long time in the Dzungaria, participating in the Tibetan-Uigur wars, until, due to strife with the Tibetans, they passed into the possession of the Middle Empire. Since 878, they settled in Ordos. Not knowing too much about the underlying causes of the rebirth of the Tang empire, they remembered that for three centuries it was this dynasty that, contrary to the will of its officials, was sympathetic to the steppes and saw people in them, not wild animals.
Therefore, at a critical moment, they did not hesitate to come to her aid. The Tanguts, about which we are talking, did exactly the same.
The young leader of the Shatos, Li Keyong, proved to be a talented commander. In the spring of 883, his troops, with the support of the Tanguts, defeated the rebels near the Wei River, ousted them from the capital and pursued them, chopping down the fleeing. 17 thousand Shatos were enough to break the main forces of Huang Chao. In 884, he committed suicide, and his army was dispersed and turned into partisan units that resisted government troops until 901. But the strength and charm of the Tang dynasty did not rise. As soon as eunuch officials tried to renew the old order, two military governors carried out a coup. In 907, the last Tang monarch, the minor Ai-di, was deposed, the eunuchs were killed, and the traitor Zhu Wen took control of himself twice, declaring himself emperor of a new dynasty - Late Liang. From this moment began a new period in the history of China, called the "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms."
Therefore, at a critical moment, they did not hesitate to come to her aid. The Tanguts, about which we are talking, did exactly the same.
The young leader of the Shatos, Li Keyong, proved to be a talented commander. In the spring of 883, his troops, with the support of the Tanguts, defeated the rebels near the Wei River, ousted them from the capital and pursued them, chopping down the fleeing. 17 thousand Shatos were enough to break the main forces of Huang Chao. In 884, he committed suicide, and his army was dispersed and turned into partisan units that resisted government troops until 901. But the strength and charm of the Tang dynasty did not rise. As soon as eunuch officials tried to renew the old order, two military governors carried out a coup. In 907, the last Tang monarch, the minor Ai-di, was deposed, the eunuchs were killed, and the traitor Zhu Wen took control of himself twice, declaring himself emperor of a new dynasty - Late Liang. From this moment began a new period in the history of China, called the "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms."
Karluks
The original name of this Karluk tribe is Qarluq (in the Chinese transcription Ko-lo-lu - ** Gelolu), but early Muslim authors are much more likely to use the Qarlukh and Khallukh forms of which the latter is very easy to confuse with Khalaj.
The Tukhsi are interesting primarily because they, apparently, were the remains of a large Turgesh federation. The Türgeshes (Tu-k'i-shih in Chinese) were one of the five clans that made up the Tu-lu (** dulu) group of Western tukue (T'u-chüeh).
The appearance of the Karluks meant not only the transfer of political leadership to them, but also without a doubt, their capture of the best pasture land. However, the tribes of Turgesh federations could not be completely destroyed; part of them migrated in the western direction, and part retained the most remote habitats and,
probably even enjoyed some autonomy.
Tribes of Tukhsi, Yagma and Chigil near Karluks, аccording to Hudud al-Alam.
Toguzguz is Uyghurs
Sogdiana
Khazaria
Magyars and Cumans http://steppes.proboards.com/thread/1224/pictures-steppe-warriors?page=78.
1: Magyar woman, 10th C
2: Khazar Jewish warrior, 9th C.
3: Vyatchian Slav tribesman, 8th–9th Cs
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