Part VII: Alone Again (Sept. 1941 to Dec. 1941)
Chapter 15: Disaster on the Eastern Front
While British forces were pushing up the Italian peninsula, the armed forces of Germany ignored that sector, and instead concentrated its attention on the Eastern Front. It had destroyed a significant number of Soviet divisions in the Kiev pocket in June of 1941, and seem poised to advance further. In July, however, the Soviets managed to knock the Lithuanians out of the war, occupying Kaunas and Siauliai by the 24th, although a fierce German counterattack recovered the lost provinces by the end of the month. Early in August, the Soviets attempted two more attacks: the first was a small offensive that managed to capture Kharkov, while in the north a major effort was made by numerous divisions to capture Minsk, which fell on August 9th. This was a significant offensive, as it threatened the entire German front to the east with envelopment, and hence the German response was immediate. Rather than attempt to dislodge the large Soviet force around Minsk, however, they attacked to the north, capturing Daugavpils and Wilno by the middle of the month. The result was that dozens of Soviet divisions were surrounded in Minsk, and under relentless pressure from the air as well as from the ground, they collapsed and surrendered on the 23rd. It was the greatest disaster of the war for the Soviet Union, as its best divisions were, in one swift stroke, eliminated from their order of battle. It was to have the gravest of consequences.
In September, the Germans launched a general offensive all along the Eastern Front, and the weakened Red Army, which had stripped its front lines to provide for the Minsk offensive, was not able to stem the tide. The Germans captured Rybinsk on the 10th, and by the 23rd Velikije Luki, Ryazan, Voronezh, and Odessa were in German hands, although the Soviets were briefly able to liberate Odessa a few days later. The Soviets send most of its divisions in the Far East towards the Eastern Front, and as a result the Japanese were able to launch an offensive that captured Vladivostok on September 19th. Early October saw a major German push on the northern portion of the front line. Riga fell on the 1st, Novgorod and Tallinn on the 8th, and Leningrad, the biggest prize next to Moscow, fell on the 13th. The Red Army was rapidly disintegrating, even as winter approached. November saw the Germans strike in the south. Vologda fell on the 14th, while Saransk and Saratov fell on the following day. On November 30th, even as the first snowfall of the winter began, German tanks captured Stalingrad from the north. The Red Army was in full disarray, and the Soviet government was in little better shape. The Germans continued the pressure in the first days of December, while chaos descended over what remained of the Soviet Union. There were serious domestic difficulties, and Stalin, fearful for the continuation of his rule, decided to cut a deal with Germany so that the remnants of the Red Army could suppress any potential uprising. On December 6th, the Soviet Union formally signed a peace treaty with Germany, handing over all territories to the west of the Urals to the enemy. Germany had achieved the greatest of its victories to date, greater even than the defeat of France. Its territory had increased exponentially, and the industry and resources so acquired seemed sufficient to ensure continued German economic and military strength.
Chapter 16: Renewed Resolve
With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the British Empire once again found itself essentially without major allies. The United States, while increasingly wary of the Axis powers, was still unwilling to intervene. However, as the situation on the Eastern Front worsened, the Imperial General Staff decided to continue with the existing operational plans. The British forces in Italy were to remain behind the Po in their excellent defensive position, rather than risk defeat by attempting to advance into southern Germany. Two strategic bomber groups, however, did commence bombing what little remained in enemy hands in northern Italy, helping to further ensure that there would be no revival of Italian power. In the meanwhile, small invasions were launched in the western Mediterranean. On October 6th, the 1st and 2nd Amphibious Corps, along with the 1st Airborne Corps, landed on Sardinia. By the end of the day, the sole Italian division had surrendered, and the few Italian ships in port were caught and sunk by the Mediterranean as they attempted to escape. After the fall of Sardinia, there was a pause in British operations. The Mediterranean had taken a small amount of damage over the past few months, especially in their victories over Italian convoys, so four battleships, two cruisers, and a destroyer flotilla were sent for repairs. These ships were ready to return to active duty by the beginning of November, and plans were laid for the seizure of the Balearic Islands. Again, the 1st and 2nd Amphibious Corps were to take the lead, assisted by the 1st Airborne Corps, while the Mediterranean Fleet covered the Spanish fleet, which was docked at Barcelona. The operation began in the early morning hours of November 18th when 1st Airborne Corps was dropped on Mahon, and seized the island against no Spanish opposition. Later that day, the two Amphibious Corps landed on Parma, which was defended by two Spanish divisions. After a short but savage fight, the Spanish defenders were forced to withdraw to Eivissa. On the 23rd, the 1st Airborne Corps seized an unoccupied San Francisco, just to the south of Eivissa. On the last day of the month, the three corps combined to land on Eivissa, and faced with overwhelming odds, the Spanish defenders quickly surrendered. This cleared the Balearic Islands of enemy resistance, the last enemy-controlled islands in the entire Mediterranean.
The seizure of the Balearic Islands was also important for the next British operation. It was decided that early in 1942, British forces would land on the south-eastern coast of Spain, and hence the Balearic Islands would be crucial as a forward staging area and airbase. It was planned that at least one of the armoured corps in Italy would be redeployed for the offensive, and as such 8th Corps, which would be remaining in Italy at its position on the front, was reinforced by two Motorized Divisions, bringing its strength up to five divisions, the same as 1st Corps to its left. The first two Armoured Divisions equipped with the new Cromwell tank would also be ready early in January, and it was expected that these would lead the attack. Research efforts were also devoted to improving the quality of British tanks, including the introduction of basic armour skirts, improved optical sights, and vehicle radio intercoms. The other division types also were improved by the addition of 30mm+ and 40mm+ light tank destroyers, as well as 100mm+ rocket artillery. The surrender of the Soviet Union made it more clear than ever that, at some point, the British army would have to face and defeat the German army, and hence there was increased emphasis on the formation of new mechanized and motorized divisions to meet the challenge of the year ahead.