The sixth Anglo-Irish War, 1746-1757
Once again, Genoa, France and Portugal stood shoulder-to-shoulder with their Eirinnish allies, and once again the barbarians of Sweden, Spain and Norway agreed to help England pillage Eire’s green and pleasant land. The burghers of Corsica, caught up in the general spirit of war-camaraderie, paid for an improvement to the town’s fortifications [random] as the Republic went to war once more. Again, a lightning campaign in the New World brought swift results, as in August 1747 Spain was forced at musket-point to surrender Tuahantepec and Honduras. Shortly afterwards, the colony of Nipissing was seized from the brute English and peace was once again restored in short order. The year was rounded off with the establishment of a trade post in newly-liberated Guatemala. This was followed by two more; in Tehuacan and Nicaragua in 1748 as Genoa once more extended its hold on the New World, and then in 1749 Kebec also benefited from the presence of Genoese merchants, so the Republic’s New World holdings came to stretch from the far icy arctic to the tropical climes of Mexico (see fig.21). Genoa’s French allies were also successful in 1749, when Spain was forced to cede their remaining jewel in the Iberian crown – Toledo. The Genoese were swift to congratulate their ally and massive celebrations ensued.
Fig. 21
The Years of Unrest 1750-54
The year 1750 started brightly enough for the Republic with the growth of the Manhattan trade post into a full colony, but political maneuverings were to take the Genoese down a darker path. Protestant agitators from the German states had crossed the Alps in the Autumn of the previous year and now began to sow unrest among the peasantry [random]. Secret meetings were held and anti-government feelings were stirred amongst the manufactory workers and farm labourers, who naturally had been the last to benefit from the great swell in fortune that the Republic had enjoyed in the previous two and a half centuries.
The result was a series of open revolts. In January 1751, the citizens of Mantua seized the fortress and demanded that the town’s coffers be opened and distributed amongst the commoners.
With reluctance the city fathers sent in the troops to crush the rebellion, which naturally provided further ammunition for the Protestant agitators - anti-authoritarian feelings were now running higher still. The high-point of the rebels’ campaign came in May 1751, when some 41,000 of the peasantry rose up and marched on the provincial capital of Savoy, demanding an end to the Mantuan siege and greater freedoms for the working man throughout the Republic. Then in September came word that the same sentiments had spread even to the colonies – first Cochin in India and then Bangor in New Italia were seized by small armies of disgruntled workers and local hotheads, and the situation threatened to reach crisis point.
The City fathers kept their heads and refused to resort to tyrannical tactics to win the day. With a combination of a continuing show of strength and even some negotiation with the genuinely aggrieved Genoese parties – although naturally the German Heretics were rooted out and executed for their perfidious crimes – the situation was brought back under control. The rebels in Mantua surrendered in October 1752, eventually an assault against Bangor re-took the fortress in 1754 and although it wasn’t until 1761 that Cochin eventually surrendered, there was no more open rebellion to concern the Republic. Certain concessions were granted to manufactory workers, and certain promises to remain loyal to the Republic in the future were secured in return, and the widespread threat of Protestant revolution was neatly nipped in the bud.
Continuing Expansion and Development 1755 – 1765
Political developments overseas saw Bohemia re-join the Turkish alliance – and by doing so once more make themselves traitors to Christendom – in 1755 and Poland-Lithuania took Oldenburg and Silesia from Austria in 1756. In 1757, England and Eire once more settled a neutral peace. The City Fathers, eager to show their intention to continue to support the Eirinnish against their aggressors, offered them the opportunity to become Vassals of the Republic at this time, to which they readily and gratefully acquiesced. Half their production and tax income was deemed a small price to pay for the sheltering shield of Genoese protection. In 1760, the Thuringenians, giving in to insurmountable pressures from neighbouring Bohemia, re-joined the Turkish alliance – another worrying development. Poland continued their march to greatness with the seizure from the Netherlands of Cologne and Oldenburg (the latter of which the Dutch in turn had taken from Portugal a few years previously) in 1761.
Domestic economic development throughout the same period continued apace. In 1756, Corsica’s fortifications were improved once more [random] and the colony of Sebago grew into a full city. A second naval equipment manufactory was commissioned in Messina in 1757 and in the dame year the Guatemala trade post grew into a full colony. 1759 saw another donation of warships to the Mediterranean fleet [random] from the ever-grateful Guadeloupe Company, by now the most powerful trade organization in the western Mediterranean and New Italia both. A full city was inaugurated in Guatemala in 1763 and another in Santal in 1765. Prospects continued to look good for the Republic, until a change in the political landscape brought an unexpected threat to Genoese security.
The Franco-Turkish War of 1765 - 1770
The reasons for the French declaration of war, on the might of the Ottoman Empire on October 13th 1765, have been endlessly debated in Genoese universities, society salons and coffee shops, but perhaps will never be made crystal clear. Suffice to say that the assumption of hostilities left the Genoese Republic in a delicate situation, with a difficult decision to make. It was already clear that all of Turkey’s allies were eager to support their overlord, for fear of the retribution that might follow refusal. Thus it was that if Genoa agreed to enter the war they would face threats not only from the Ottoman half of the Mediterranean, but also from Algeria in North Africa, both Bohemia and Thuringen just to the north, and possibly even some small threat from Aden. In the end, the maintenance of the anti-Spanish/English alliance was considered to be the paramount concern, and Genoa threw her lot in with her allies and went to war. As events transpired, it was to prove far more an opportunity than a threat…
Algeria immediately went on the offensive, besiegeing Kabylia with all available forces, and Genoa took the opportunity to bring her garrisons across from Spain and besiege the capital Al-djazir in 1766. A swift siege and assault saw the Algerian capital fall in June of that same year. 196d was demanded and paid in reparitions. Meanwhile, Genoese researchers reported that they could produce no significant new developments with the current state of technology at their disposal and so the money that was previously lavished on them went to the treasury instead – to the tune of some 334 ducats per month. A naval equipment manufactory was commissioned in Sardinia to celebrate.
Meanwhile the war dragged on, as it transpired with little in the way of Turkish aggression to worry the City Fathers. A force of 35 Turkish cannon landed in the Balaeres, but their infantry support seemed to have gotten lost en-route and they were quickly dispatched. A Genoese fleet defeated a Turkish galley squadron and stole their Rutters, and so the interior of India was revealed to Genoese eyes for the first time. A refinery was commissioned in Tampico. Still no major aggressive moves from the Turk. Word came that the latest Austrian war to regain their territory lost to Poland had gone badly for them indeed as Austria was conquered and annexed by their Eastern neighbour. As 1767 progressed a new trade post was established in Chin, and a colony grew from the trade post in Tarakan. Then, finally, a large combined Turkish and Thuringenian force landed and besieged Savoie, too large in fact for Genoese armies to tackle – they would juts have to hope the fortress walls remained strong.
The Turk grew bolder in 1768, besieging Milan’s mighty fortress, although to little avail. Adeners destroyed the trade post in Rufiji in November and by December, the citizens of the Republic had grown weary of the war effort, with little gain seen on either side, and so the Ottomans were bought off for 250 ducats (after they had lost 60,000 troops to attrition in Savoie), and peace was restored (see fig 22).
Fig. 22
The war eventually ground to a halt in 1770, with Turkey forcing France to surrender the province of Lyonais. Not the most auspicious omen – as the Ottomans drove westwards into the very heart of Western Europe…
Further development, 1769 – 1773
A Fine Arts academy was commissioned in Mantua in 1769 to celebrate the latest Genoese victory and the enlargement once again of Republican territory. Further colonial fervor was evidenced by the volunteering of a Genoese lord and his private army of 1,000 men to act as Conquistadors in the Republic’s name [random]. In 1771 a city was inaugurated in Tarakan and in 1772 the Nicaraguan trade post became a full colony. More economic development was seen in New Italia in early 1773 as a goods manufactory was commissioned in Carolina and a weapons manufactory in Shenandoah. Then in 1773, England made one last, doomed attempt to conquer Genoa’s Eirinnish allies.
The seventh, and final, Anglo-Irish war of 1773-1786
Once again, Genoa’s involvement in the support of her sore afflicted ally was brief and, it must be admitted, somewhat selfish in nature. The declaration of war on the part of England, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Norway in June 1773 was followed by the traditional period of maneuvering as Genoese troops rampaged through Spanish-held territory in the New World. By the end of 1773, Spain knew they were beaten once more, and willingly surrendered Sierra Nevada and the island of Costa Rica as well as 250d in reparitions. In December, the City Fathers felt confident enough of their security in the region to send trade posts out to Detroit and Oskosh. Spain suffered a second blow at the very end of the year when France forced the surrender of Campeche and Estradamuras.
Then in 1775, France also took Pfalz and 250d. from the Netherlands, and the Genoese accepted the Dutch offer of a medium-sized trade post in Ticonderoga rather than prolong their agony further. England was swift to follow with an offer of trade posts in Huronie and Duluth, but the Genoese had their sights set on bigger fish – the Centre of Trade in Nipigon, which the English had no choice but to accept. Once more, Genoa had emerged royally victorious and Republican dominance of New Italia was all but assured.
Between 1775 and 1779 colonial development went into a veritable frenzy, with city inaugurated in Nicaragua (1778) Nova Scotia (1779) and a total of five new manufactories commissioned: in Bangor, Guatemala and Costa Rica, as well as two more at home, in Nice, Corfu and a Fine Arts Centre in Emilia.
Genoa was riding high on a wave of confidence and supremacy, a wave that was next to crash against the shores of their old enemy, Spain.
The Genoese-Spanish War of 1780-81
On January 1st 1780, the City Fathers declared a war of vengeance against the Spanish in return for the years of oppression and occupation that they had inflicted on the Italian peninsula so many years ago. Spain was abandoned by all her allies, and Genoa saw no need to invite France to enlarge her own holdings in Iberia, and so battle was joined between the fading light of Spain and the waxing might of the Republic.
Castille, Catalonia, Murcia and Gibraltar were all invaded by Genoese ground troops and sieges commenced. It did not take long for the Spanish to crumble, and by February 25th 1781 they were ready to surrender. Genoa took Gibraltar, Catalonia and Murcia, and Genoese Iberia was now a very real body politik (see fig. 23).
Fig. x
A brief respite saw further colonial development as first a trade post and then a colony were established in Yucatan in 1781, and then Portugal took Wabana from England in a settlement later in the year.
The start of 1782 was marked by a period of deflation as confidence in the Genoese economy reigned supreme, and then, barely a year since the last period of conflict, the City Father plunged the nation into war once more.
The Genoese-Algerian War of 1782-84
The aim of the War was clear – to take Algeria and make the whole western half of the Mediterranean a Genoese sphere of influence to rival that of the Ottoman in the East, who indeed leapt to the support of his Algerian ally, although in the event it was to be to no avail.
Genoese armies, hardened by years of fighting in the Iberian sun, stormed the desert beaches of Algeria. Whilst Turkey mounted an ineffectual siege against Savioe, Genoa took first Morocco on Feb 23rd 1783, then Orania on June 16th and Al-Djazir on November 3rd. Then followed Toubkal on January 9th 1784, Atlas on March 9th, Sahara on the 18th and Aures by July 14th. Algeria was taken entire and annexed onto the Republican lands (see fig 24) . Three refineries and a fine arts center, plus 221d were the main prizes, but at a cost of some 40,000 lives to the harsh desert conditions, although most of those were Spanish levies rather than good Genoese citizens.
Fig. 24
In the meantime, Turkey had burnt the Selatan trade post but achieved little else, and so was happy to be bough off once more by a 250d bribe. Bad news in Eire as Munster was taken by the Dutch early in 1784.
Genoa had not neglected her other interests either, commissioning a refinery in Andalusia and inaugurating a city in Yucatan. At the end of the war, a trade post was also established in Tassaret. Then in 1785 another weapons manufactory was commissioned, this time in newly-taken Aures. And then, in 1786, the time had come to teach the Spanish another lesson…