Part 5 - Freedom
The monument to the Lithuanian soldiers that died in the Battle of Magdenburg 1445 near Magdenburg, Germany
After Kazimieras became Grand Duke, he wanted to have a period of peace to rebuild Lithuania. He started to revive Lithuania by increasing trade and reforming the government to give the people greater rights. Kazimieras learned from the mistakes of his predecessors and was determined to make his rule a peaceful one. His reforms where successful and Lithuania appeared to be on the road to recovery, but once again foreign influences would bring that stability into jeopardy.
Lithuania had been involved in two wars against the Germans in the last 20 years. The first war, which occurred in 1420 was successful for Lithuania and broke the power and influence of the Order. The second war, which occurred in 1437 was not successful for Lithuania, but was successful for Poland. Poland was successful in defeating and annexing the Prussians and gaining Magdenburg from Mecklenburg.
This caused the relations with the rest of Germany to suffer and the German rulers met in March of 1444 to plan the defense of Germany against the Polish and Lithuanians. It was determined that an alliance of north German nations would go to war to liberate Magdenburg from Poland and to regain some of the Order’s territory lost to Lithuania.
The Third German war started on May 10, 1444 when Holstein declared war on Poland. The Lithuanians and Brandenburg joined the war on the same side as Poland against Holstein, Mecklenburg, Pommern, Bremen and the Teutonic Order; Bohemia had dishonored there alliance with Poland and did not participate in the war.
Holstein declares war on Poland, Bohemia dishonors the alliance
The Lithuanians now had an opportunity to destroy the Order once and for all. Kazimieras decided to send the majority of his men to Kurland defeat the Order and then assist Poland against the other German armies. On June 27, 1444 the 2nd Lithuanian Army started a siege of Riga. The siege would last until August 27, 1445. The Order would last just a few months longer and where annexed on January 25, 1446. Although the power of the Order was broken after the first German war, the victory finished the long process of expelling the Order from Lithuanian lands and avenged the deaths of uncountable Lithuanians and Polish people.
As the siege of Kurland occurred, the timetable of the war had to be advanced because the Polish where having trouble with the other German armies. The Lithuanians sent the Ukrania Regiment to Brandenburg to aid the Polish in there siege of Mecklenburg. While the Polish where sieging Mecklenburg, a large army numbering 35,000 troops made up of every German nation’s army lifted the siege and killed most of the Polish troops. Poland was now at the mercy of the Germans as they had no sizable forces left and neither did the Lithuanians. The best the Lithuanians could muster was a force of around 18,000 troops against the Germans which now numbered 42,000 men.
The Germans took advantage of the situation and started a siege of Magdenberg in an attempt to liberate the city from Polish rule. The situation did not look promising for the Polish-Lithuanian armies; the only success was against Pommern whom was being besieged by Brandenburg and Polish troops. King Wladyslaw II and Grand Duke Kazimieras met in Pozen to decide whether to negotiate peace with the Germans and loose Magdenburg and more importantly would be a loss against the hated north Germans or to continue fighting and further damage their tired war torn country.
The Grand Duke made a great speech to the assembled nobles and the King, quoting from a similar speech given by General Hlebowicz in 1420 before the Battle of Riga. This speech convinced the King to give the Lithuanians a chance to drive the Germans out of Magdenburg. If Kazimieras could not then peace would have to be made and they would lose Magdenburg.
Kazimieras traveled to Saxony and negotiated a treaty with the Saxons that would allow the Lithuanians to pass through Saxon lands giving the Lithuanians the element of surprise as the Germans assumed that they would cross the Elbe from Brandenburg.
Military access through Saxoy
To avoid crossing a river
In the middle of winter on January 24, 1445 18,000 Lithuanians arrived with total surprise in Magdenberg from Sachen and engaged 43,000 Germans, the battle would either save or doom the Commonwealth.
The Battle of Magdenburg
The Lithuanians attacked the German army in the early morning before dawn using there cavalry to tear through the mostly footman armies of the Germans. This caused major confusion behind the German lines. Adding to this confusion was that the German army was made out of troops from four different nations and every general wanted the honor of destroying the Lithuanians. When the Germans finally managed to counter-attack, the Lithuanians retreated and baited the Germans to follow. When the Germans took the bait the Lithuanian horsemen took the flanks of the Germans and they panicked, fleeing from the battlefield.
The Lithuanian army attempting to rest before the Holstein army arrived.
The Lithuanians had little time to celebrate as the next day Holstein sent another army. This army was to be a relief force for the Germans but now where charged with the destruction of the Lithuanians. The Lithuanians numbered only 3,000 men and where tired and battle weary. The Germans met them on the same battlefield as the previous battle with 5,000 men. The battle lasted two days as the Germans and Lithuanians fought among the corpses of their countrymen from mere days before. The Lithuanians where victorious and drove the Holstein army from the field. Out of the original 18,000 Lithuanians that arrived on January 24, by Febuarary 7 only 800 had survived the two battles and 30,000 Germans lay dead on the battlefield. The battle of Magdenburg was fought on a worthless piece of land near the city and until that day it had no significance, but from the day on it would be the site of one of the greatest military victories ever.
A lone Lithuanian soldier after the Battle of Magdenburg 1445
Even today many Poles and Lithuanians visit the battlefield and relics from the battle are still found by locals and tourists. After the victory of the Lithuanians, Holstein decided to sue for peace and gave the Lithuanians tribute to end the war, and Pommern gave VonPommern to Poland.
The Third German war saw the end of the Order and the breaking of German power in the east. The Polish and Lithuanians where finally freed from the German influence and from the threat of invasion. The Commonwealth could now concentrate on the prosperity of their nation.
Purple Taken by Lithuania from the Order
Green Taken by Poland from Pommern