"Immortal is an Ample Word": The War in Asia December 1942 - May 1943
Having liberated Di Hua and secured all but the eastern portion of Sinkiang, Stavka had to return to the question as to what was the purpose of the Soviet commitment to this theatre.
In June 1941 and for most of 1942 this had been clear. A Japanese victory would have severed the Far East from the rest of the USSR and could have seen the loss of the vital factories and resources in Central Asia.
By the end of November 1942, the Japanese forces were in disarray, trying desparately to construct a defense line around Altun Shan. Stavka had already redeployed 4 divisions back to the Far East command and one view was that clearing the rest of Sinkiang would allow further troop reductions. On the other hand, the war with Germany was the priority and every bullet, shell and reinforcement sent to Central Asia was one less for the main front.
(light Japanese tanks such as this were easily dealt with by the 45mm divisional AT guns available to the Soviets)
(45mm AT guns redeploying at Altun Shan)
Due to pressure from the Central Asian front, a final attempt to clear Altun Shan was authorised in early December.
The Soviet offensive drove in the Japanese lines but they had brought up some fresh troops. Concerned at the escalating losses, Stavka ordered the offensive suspended on 12 December 1942.
At that, the front remained quiet until early February. The Soviets were content they held defensible positions and were tieing down a sizeable Japanese force.
The next stage was triggered by the dramatic diplomatic actions of late January and early February. By 18 January, the Soviet Far East command was put on the highest stage of alert and, despite the bitter Manchurian winter, ordered to its forward defense positions. The submarines of the Far East Fleet were deployed to interdict Japanese convoys to Northern China and Korea.
(Richard Sorge was able to inform the Soviet leadership that the Japanese had reached a high level decision as to their next steps, but for several critical weeks it remained unclear in what direction they would strike)
NKVD sources in Japan had indicated that the Japanese leadership had reached a decision as to their next moves. But what was not clear was whether this was to invade India, escalate their growing trade disputes with the US to war or to strike at the Soviet Far East.
By the start of February, GKO thought it had the answer. Yunnan folded to Japanese pressure and joined their patchwork of satellite states across China.
With, at this stage, Siam still neutral, this gave the Japanese a direct route into India. Surprisingly, the British responded quickly and sent some units from North Burma into Yunnan, securing the main passes before the Japanese were able to exploit their advantage.
An emergency Soviet-British summit was held in Delhi where the Soviets agreed to resume their offensive in Central Asia so as to relieve the pressure on the British. Both were also aware of the extent of Japanese pressure on Tibet that had the potential to threaten both India and Sinkiang. Equally, if the Japanese satellites in Western China were to collapse, the Soviets intended to ensure that they, not the UK, were the beneficiaries.
The offensive at Altun Shan recommenced on 8 February and after 10 days of brutal fighting the Japanese and their allies were in full flight.
Using the cavalry divisions for mobility, the Soviet forces consistently outmanouvered their opponents and pushed into territory held by the Xibei San Ma clique on 8 April.
(Soviet cavalry crossing the border into Xibei)
By the 23rd their capital, Golmud, was in Soviet hands.
By this stage, the war in China had become a race between the British and the Soviets. They had overrun all of southern and western Yunnan and only the mountains and river valleys of Dainkog separated the two armies.
Japan's sudden weakness in China was the result of their second fateful choice. They had demanded the US acknowledge that the Philipines become part of Japan's Co-Prosperity Sphere and that the base at Guam be evacuated.
(Japanese attack on Guam)
When the US refused, the Japanese had struck at Guam on 4 February 1943 quickly seizing the Island. However, the US, fully expecting war, by late March had taken Saipan and Truk. At this, the war between the two powers stagnated as both were surprised that their escalating trade disputes had actually led to open combat.
Despite British attempts to exploit the situation, the US refused to see Germany as an enemy and, out of fear of the USSR, were, if anything becoming more pro-German.
The result was a three-sided Asian conflict. In China, Japan acting under the guise of its Chinese satellites was de-facto at war with the USSR and the British.
In the Pacific, Japan and the US had stumbled into a war neither really sought and that neither prosecuted with any vigour.
Manchuria remained tense. The GKO had now decided that open war with Japan was inevitable, the only questions left were when and which side would initiate the conflict.