I feel like an idiot at this point, but I can't for the life of me figure out whence my money comes. Is there no "economy" tab? Do vassals pay you taxes at all?
Yes, how much depends on the laws of the realm, and relations. First remember money comes from holdings (Castles/Cities/Churches), and goes to the owner of the holding.
You can see the laws under the law tab. Relations by looking at your portrait screen and going to the vassal tab. The total income is shown by clicking the coat of arms in the top left.
Your holdings directly give you money, modified by stewardship. Castles/Cities vassals decrease as relations worsen, churches give money to the papacy instead of you, if they prefer the papacy to you, the religion tab is useful to check that.
Edit: Man am I getting slow.