Chapter 1 – Rise of the Yugoslav Union
After the assassination of King Alexander I in 1934, the tensions between Serbs, Croats, and Slovens could not have been any higher. The fragile Yugoslav government couldn't handle the tension, and in early 1935, Croatia, Bosnia, Slovenia, and Montenegro broke away from Yugoslavia, in that order. Bosnia and Croatia got into direct conflict with Yugoslavia, while Slovenia stayed neutral.
In March, Kosovo and the Yugoslav part of Macedonia broke away from Yugoslavia. The people rallied behind a young leader named Vladimir Brikarjik, leader of a long-underground political party known as the Union party.
The dove and sickle, representing peace through Socialism
Many rallied behind his beliefs of democratic socialism, a different type of socialism, which he called Social Capitalism, in which corporations and big businesses were seen as the biggest threats to economic equality. The Unionists declared war on Yugoslavia, and soon enough, the Unionist flag was raised over Belgrade, and the former territories were partitioned between Croatia and the Yugoslav Union.
Flag of the Yugoslav Union
After the Unionist victory, violence erupted in Bulgaria. Unionist partisans rose up in Vraca and Varna, and after much fighting, the Unionists took over the capital city of Sofia. On April 3rd, Bulgaria was proclaimed the Socialist Union of Bulgaria.
Flag of the Socialist Union of Bulgaria
Major issues erupted – the revolutionaries were mostly poor, un-educated farmers, and many others un-prepared for governing a country. They asked for support from the Yugoslav Union, and on May 4th, 1935, Bulgaria became the third, and largest, state in the Yugoslav Union. The nation gained access to the Black Sea, as well as vital industrial capacity.
On July 12th, 1935, a right-wing coup brought Croatia under a regime similar to that of the German Nazi party. Their goal became uniting the former Yugoslav lands under their rule, and on July 20th, Croatia declared war on Slovenia, the Yugoslav Union, and Bosnia. Croatia received aid from Hungary and Italy, while the Yugoslav Union received troops and supplies from the Soviet Union and Greece – in turn, Slovenia received support from the Yugoslav Union, since Brikarjik was ethnically Slovenian.
Soviet and Greek troops in the streets of Belgrade
Croatia quickly annexed Bosnia, but Slovenia stood strong against their forces. Zagreb fell to the Slovenian troops, but Croatia refused to give up. Fighting went on until January 2nd, 1936, when the Croatian leadership, then relocated to Banja Luka, surrendered. Croatia was integrated into the Yugoslav Union, as well as Bosnia.
The final event that forged the Yugoslav Union came on February 14th, 1936, when Slovenia joined the Yugoslav Union as a special autonomous state, despite the fact that all the Yugoslav states had some fair level of autonomy.
Europe at the end of the Yugoslav Civil War