IX: Ideology
IX: Ideology
Historians can point to many great ideologies that seemingly sprang into existence suddenly, and proceeded to sweep through a large population at amazing speed. Among these are various religions, notably Islam and Protestant Christianity, various forms of nationalism such as the revolutionary egalitarianism that gave birth to the United States of America, and the political-economic theory of revolutionary Communism. Richard Dawkins, an English zoologist, in 1976 coined the term "meme" to describe these seemingly contagious ideologies. Others have taken his theory farther, viewing the human brain as the host to a population of aggressive ideologies that compete with one another in Darwinian fashion to survive and propagate from mind to mind.
The reality, of course, is somewhat more complex than even proponents of memetics are prepared to admit. For example, our own consciousness, at different times, has made use of both the ideologies of Protestantism and pan-German nationalism in our efforts to expand our host population, yet we have never limited ourselves to Protestant German hosts. Those who have sought to tie us to a specific ideology, or to co-opt us to spread their own ideologies, have been frustrated by our refusal to conform to the concept of a viral meme.
Nonetheless, ideas that fit the model of a meme do seem to exist. It was during the early 17th century that we first encountered a foreign ideology that spread itself through a host population in viral fashion. Observation of the spread of Dutch nationalism throughout the Netherlands proved quite instructive. While it was quite different from us in many ways - it was not self-aware, so far as we could tell, and did not appear to involve a physical carrier organism - it gave us a possible model for how we could further our own expansion in the future.
The model we had been using, which was based on direct attempts to control our hosts, had already shown its inadequacies. We would abandon it altogether during the reign of
Kürfurst Joachim Friedrich, and begin searching for a better way.
Kurfürst Joachim Friedrich of Brandenburg
Joachim Friedrich had inherited a war from his father along with his title, and he took immediate steps towards an invasion of Flanders. He first sent a force into Swedish Zeeland, which had fallen into the hands of rebels allied with the Flemish, and began a siege to liberate the province; a second army marched into Brabant and began a siege there. The Flemish army made several attempts to drive Brandenburg's armies out, and ultimately succeeded in breaking the siege in Zeeland. Then, in July 1599, Flanders offered Joachim Friedrich the entire contents of its treasury if Brandenburg would withdraw from the war. Joachim Friedrich agreed, and Brandenburg's armies marched back home. Sweden and Flanders came to terms shortly thereafter.
The returning armies reported a curious fact: the people of the entire Netherlands, apart from our own province of Geldre, had become utterly hostile to all foreign overlords. Swedish Zeeland was in open revolt, the citizens of Flanders had hurled unrelenting abuse at the foreign invaders of Brandenburg, and Holland was reported to be simmering with resentment against its Spanish overlords. Something new was brewing in the Netherlands, a national consciousness that had not existed before.
Joachim Friedrich, however, was more interested in affairs at home, and concentrated on domestic issues for much of his reign. In 1602, he chartered the University of Brandenburg, the act for which he is best known today. Then in 1605, he reformed the bureaucracy to reduce corruption and tighten fiscal control. In early 1608, he began construction of a great arms manufacturing center in Sachsen. And then, in July 1608, after the shortest reign of any Kürfurst of Brandenburg, he died, and his energetic son Johann Sigisimund now took the reins of Brandenburg.
Kurfürst Johann Sigisimund of Brandenburg
Johann Sigisimund's first test came in April 1609. The inevitable had finally happened in Swedish Zeeland; rebels had again seized control, declaring the independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands. Spanish Holland immediately joined the new republic; Flanders and Friesland would unite with them a month later. Johann Sigisimund answered Sweden's call to arms by sending armies to occupy Holland and Zeeland.
But Brandenburg's armies had barely dug in and begun sieges in the Netherlands when Sweden declared war on Poland and its allies Mainz, the Papal States, Aragon and Tuscany. Johann Sigisimund grumbled about his ally's timing, but nonetheless raised new armies and sent them into Livland, Poznan and Mainz. Sweden made peace with the Netherlands in April 1610, freeing up Brandenburg's armies to march east. Brandenburg now moved on Polotsk and Wielkopolska. Mainz surrendered to Brandenburg in August 1611, accepting a treaty of vassalization. And in December 1612, Poland ceded Livland to Brandenburg, ending that war.
Johann Sigisimund's wife was his distant cousin Anna, the daughter of Duke Albrecht Friedrich of Prussia. Since Albrecht Friedrich had no sons, in 1615 he named Johann Sigisimund his heir, with the provision that Prussia remain separate from Brandenburg for the duration of Johann Sigisimund's lifetime. Since this did not prevent Johann Sigisimund's heirs from uniting the two realms at a later date, Johann Sigisimund readily agreed to this restriction.
Brandenburg went to war again in December 1616, when Denmark declared war on Russia. As soon as the snows melted in the spring, Brandenburg's armies marched into Pskov and Ingermanland. Pskov fell to an assault in July 1617, and Brandenburg advanced into Novgorod. As winter was coming, Brandenburg's troops assaulted Novgorod, which fell on December 29. The following spring saw a renewed advance, this time into Tver. After a series of battles around Tver saw Brandenburg victorious over numerically superior Russian armies, the Tsar agreed to cede Pskov to Brandenburg in October 1618.
In August 1618, Albrecht Friedrich had died, and Johann Sigisimund inherited the Duchy of Prussia. But his health was failing, and he began to turn more and more of the government of Brandenburg over to his son Georg Wilhelm. On Christmas Eve 1619, Johann Sigisimund passed away, and Georg Wilhelm became
Kürfurst of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia.
But while the realms of Brandenburg and Prussia were, for the moment, legally separate, during the previous year a new idea had begun to spread through both lands. The inhabitants of Brandenburg and Prussia began to view themselves as one people, joined by their German language and their Lutheran faith. Even the Dutch people of Geldre were able to join in this nascent unity; the people there converted
en masse from Calvinism to Lutheranism and then called themselves good Germans. A new concept, that of a true German nation, was slowly taking hold, and small details, such as the fact that a person was actually Dutch or Danish or Baltic, did not get in the way of this nationalistic feeling. All were part of a greater whole, the German nation, which was the equal of any nation on earth.
This was our doing, of course. We had taken a page from the Dutch, and begun to spread the idea of German nationalism among our hosts. It would take a long time to bear fruit. But we had seen the power of a nationalistic ideology, and could be patient while the idea matured in the minds of the people of Brandenburg.
Brandenburg in 1619