Chapter 7: To the Barricades
The Washington Uprising of ‘37, the July Offensives, and the Reformation of the Armies
By July 1937, the war had taken a heavy toll on the forces of all three sides. In only three and a half months, the United States military had suffered 56,000 casualties killed, captured, wounded, or missing. The American Union military had lost over 78,000 killed, captured, wounded, or missing. The Consolidated Syndicates had lost a staggering estimated 124,000 killed, captured, wounded or missing. All three sides had taken nearly twice as many civilian casualties due to collateral damage, disease, famine, and other depredations of war. Despite these heavy losses, the conflict showed no sign of ending anytime soon.
Pictured: Total military casualties as of July 1st, 1937, as well as estimated division and industrial strength
The need for new tactics and doctrines was apparent to all but the most stubborn and unimaginative generals on each of the three sides. At the start of the war, the battles had seen masses of infantry being thrown into the carnage of battle using tactics not that much different than the days of Napoleon’s campaigns in Europe. The Americans, who had avoided the horrors of the Weltkrieg, had also avoided learning its painful lessons. Throughout the early months of the war, foreign advisors and heavy casualties taught the Americans new lessons on modern fighting. Storm trooper tactics for infantry assaults, creeping barrages for artillery bombardments, and squadron tactics for aircraft slowly turned the three militaries into modern fighting forces. The United States military, with the advice of Canadian officers, adopted a doctrine of superior firepower utilizing artillery and air support to win control of the battlefield. Even with these changes, there were deficiencies, so General McNair was tasked with analyzing the US Army and finding weaknesses that could be improved upon. By July 7th, McNair had completed his report detailing the flaws in the US Army’s doctrine and recommendations for reform. McNair’s reforms would prove vital in turning the US Army from a mostly ad hoc formation of poorly trained volunteers into the professional fighting force it would later become.
Pictured: General McNair's Report on the State of the Army.
Just as the US Army had been reformed on a doctrine of superior firepower based on advice from the Canadians, the American Union State’s high command, advised by German and Russian Cossack officers, opted for a grand battleplan doctrine, one that relied on meticulous planning to carry out complicated operations; a system that would allow the AUS to capture several important cities in the coming months. General Patton dissented against the doctrine, believing that maneuver warfare would be the key to victory, especially on the Western Front he commanded where cavalry and the few armored units he controlled had achieved great success against their Federal adversaries. Long, fearing the further alienation of Pelley who now had close relations with the Russian
Vozhd, Boris Savinkov, rejected Patton’s complaints and maintained the AUS’s reliance on the advice of the Russians and Germans.
The Second Continental Army, advised by British and French officers, and benefitting from control of much of the American auto-industry, formed a doctrine based around the idea of mobile warfare that General Patton had desired for the AUS. Using trucks and cars, the SCA developed plans to speed through enemy territory, bypassing enemy strongpoints to capture strategic locations and resources. This would prove critical in the coming offensives on the Western Front as Syndicalist and Longist forces prepared to strike towards the United States.
News of the truce between the AUS and the CSA had reached President Olson on June 23rd, and he quickly ordered all offensives to be called off and all positions fortified for the inevitable onslaught that would come with the fresh enemy divisions brought from the Ohio River Valley Front to the Federal frontlines. Though his foresight would prove correct, he had not predicted another threat which was about to be unleashed upon the country.
Ever since Ernest Hemingway’s speech on May 4th, the Third Internationale had been planning for ways to help their American comrades. Direct intervention had been out of the question, and with the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, any new volunteers that were eager to fight for global revolution had been diverted to the Iberian Peninsula to help the CNT-FAI combat the Spanish Army and the Carlist Requetés. That had not stopped the Third Internationale from creating a risky, yet ambitious plan to turn the tide of the war in favor of the CSA, and the truce between the Syndicalists and Longists in North American had only opened the door for greater opportunities. By July 1937, the Bharatiya Commune had been smuggling small arms, anti-tank guns, and field artillery pieces into the Pacific Northwest to supply the half-Black and half-Indian former resident of the Bharatiya Commune, Federalist (Radical Socialist) General Edward A. Carter Jr., with the equipment he would need to lead an uprising that hoped to seize control of the West Coast of the United States. This would allow the opening of ports from which the Third Internationale could once again deliver fresh supplies, as well as divert Federal troops away from the Minnesota Front. The stockpiles of weaponry were stored in the remote Oregon Butte of Southeastern Washington and Northeastern Oregon where the Pacific Northwest Syndicalists awaited coded orders from Chicago.
The OSS, which had infiltrated General Heitke’s headquarters and was desperately trying to crack the Second Continental Army’s military code sensed something was wrong. The CSA’s radio network had been established by General James Patrick Murphy, an expert at radio communications who was functioning as the second in command of the Syndicalist forces in the Pacific Northwest. His ingenious code had frustrated the OSS for the first three months of the war, and it would be another whole year before the OSS would finally break it.
OSS agent Hamilton Bee, in charge of intelligence operations within the CSA, believed the SCA was planning a big operation on the Western Front into Minnesota. His sources within the CSA’s government and military had informed him that thousands of troops and supplies were being transferred from General Merriman’s Seventh Army in Michigan to General Cannon’s First Army on the frontlines of Minnesota and Iowa, and contact was being made with an “Eight and Ninth Army” behind enemy lines. He suspected that an uprising would take place in Federal-controlled Minnesota and Iowa just behind the front lines, and advised General Truscott to keep some divisions of the Army of the Mississippi in reserve to control key towns and supply lines to the front.
OSS agent Ulysses Barnum, in charge of counterintelligence operations throughout the United States, believed that a Syndicalist uprising would take place in Upstate New York. The OSS had detected an increase in Syndicalist activity and organization in the Northeastern United States and Agent Bee had also received word from his contact in General Heitke’s headquarters that General Oliver Law’s Fourth Army was being moved from the Kentucky Front up into Pennsylvania. He believed that the SCA would attempt to slip weapons and troops across Lake Erie to seize Buffalo or Dunkirk, New York, just behind the Army of the Delaware’s frontlines around Erie, Pennsylvania. Agent Barnum, just as Agent Bee had with General Truscott, advised General Bradley to keep the Army of the Delaware prepared for a surprise attack to its rear.
At sunrise on July 2nd, 1937, the newly formed Syndicalist Eighth Army under the command of General Edward A. Carter Jr. rose up in open rebellion across Eastern Washington, seizing control of towns along the Columbia and Snake Rivers including Walla Walla, Spokane, White Bluffs, Hanford, and Kettle Falls. Nearly all of Eastern Washington from the Oregon border to the Canadian border was quickly under the control of the Syndicalist forces as they erected roadblocks, overwhelmed police garrisons, and cut telephone and rail lines. The United States had been caught completely off guard. Freshly recruited volunteer divisions from Oregon and California that had been preparing to ship off to the Great Plains were hastily rerouted to Southern Oregon, and reserve divisions from the Army of the Mississippi and the Army of Colorado were detached and sent West by railway. General Walter Krueger, the author of
War Plan Blue who had been put in charge of organizing and training new troops in California, was given command of the newly formed Army of the Columbia and sent North to his new headquarters in Portland, Oregon.
Pictured: Map of the Washington Uprising
Pictured: Map of the Second American Civil War, July 2nd, 1937.
Several hours later at noon on the Western Front, General Butler ordered the First and Second Armies to begin their offensive into Minnesota and Iowa. Six Syndicalist gunboats of the now landlocked Second Continental Navy under the command of Admiral Youngblood Nance, steamed up the Mississippi River, shelling Federal positions as combat engineers from the SCA’s 7th “Hourglass” Infantry Division constructed pontoon bridges to cross the river near the town of Lake City. Farrell Dobbs, a Syndicalist Commissar attached to the 7th Infantry, recalled the events of the day in his report back to Chicago:
July 2nd, 1937: Today we began to cross the mighty Mississippi. The poor Federal troops on the other side stood little chance against the might of the united American working class. We had seen lots of Feds leaving the front during the early hours of the morning. Rumor had it that there was some type of popular uprising out West, and the Feds were being redeployed to suppress it. It turned out to be a poor choice for our bourgeois foe. Our armored gunboats tore up their positions on the far side of the river with their heavy guns and I watched many of their foxholes and dugouts disappear in mountainous columns of smoke and earth through my binoculars. The impact of the large-caliber rounds made it feel as though the Earth itself would give way to swallow us up, even across the great expanse of the Mississippi, and it helped to remind us that we were fighting a war as our comrades labored on.
With the Feds preoccupied, our engineers had little trouble constructing the bridge. I could see a handful of Feds manning AT and artillery guns on the far side of the Mississippi, but they were desperately trying to take out the gunboats which were giving them hell and left us largely unmolested. During the long hours of construction, we watched the gunboats and our own artillery batteries exchange fire with Fed batteries on the far banks. After about fifteen minutes of fighting, Fed bombers showed up and began attacking the riverboats. During their first attack run, the bombs fell around the boats, and geysers of water shot tens of yards into the air. It looked as though the bombers had missed their targets. Unfortunately, the gunboats’ luck ran out when a second wave of bombers came in. The gunboat [CNS] Silas Soule took multiple hits from enemy dive bombers and caught fire. We watched it burn for a few minutes as the fire grew larger and brighter, billowing thick black smoke into the sky. At some point, the fire must have reached her magazine because she blew apart in a tremendous explosion that knocked me on my a*s and left my ears ringing. The blast didn’t stop the rest of our naval comrades from responding in kind, and I watched the [CNS] Robert Smalls swing close to the shore and unleash hell on the Federal AT dugouts, while the [CNS] Abraham Lincoln and the [CNS] Mother Jones lit up the sky with AA fire driving off the remaining bombers and downing one which crashed into the river, inspiring a rousing cheer among our comrades. The [CNS] Twentieth of February pulled up alongside the wreckage of the Silas Soule to look for survivors, but from what I heard around camp tonight, no one survived the blast, and having seen and felt it myself, I doubt anyone could have.
Our pontoon bridge inched across the river throughout the day, and though it will take us at least until midday tomorrow to finish it, I am satisfied with the work we did for the cause today. With the massive guns of the Second Continental Navy covering us, I am confident that we will drive the Feds out of Minnesota and liberate the state before the end of the month.
Pictured: Syndicalist Gunboat CNS Twentieth of February, July 1937.
The 7th Infantry Division had been one of the few regular army units that had joined the CSA when the war began. They were well trained and well equipped, and supported by armored gunboats, easily overwhelmed the 35th (Iowa) Volunteer Infantry Division which opposed them on the other side of the river. By July 3rd, they had established a firm foothold on the Western bank of the Mississippi, and by July 10th, they were on the outskirts of Minneapolis.
Pictured: Beginning of Syndicalist July Offensive.
In Chengwatana Forest, North of Minneapolis-St. Paul, one of the largest cavalry battles of the war, and one of the last successful cavalry charges in history took place. The US 2nd (Colored) Cavalry Division had been pulled off the Kansas-Nebraska Front after taking heavy casualties in April, and had been sent to Northern Minnesota where they had performed well, raiding Syndicalist militias camps and supply lines and capturing hundreds of Red Guards. The Army of the Mississippi’s commander, General Truscott, had been encouraged by their performance and had sent cavalry reinforcements, the 7th (North Dakota) Volunteer Cavalry Regiment with the hope that the two divisions might be able to break through the First Army’s lines and reach Lake Superior. The commander of the First Army, General John Cannon, had seen the effectiveness of the 2nd Cavalry in the woods of Minnesota, and responded by raising cavalry units of his own. The 1st (Illinois) Volunteer Cavalry and the 2nd (Minnesota) Volunteer Cavalry were deployed near the town of Hinckley, Minnesota to track down and defeat their Federal counterparts.
Pictured: US 2nd Cavalry Division in Minnesota, July 1937.
On the early morning of July 4th, a recon patrol of the 1st (Illinois) Volunteer Cavalry crossed the St. Croix river and encountered a column of cavalry from the US 2nd (Colored) Cavalry Division along a dirt road in the Chengwatana Forest. The Syndicalist recon patrol began firing on the column who responded with a saber charge, which succeeded in dispersing the Syndicalists. Survivors from the patrol reported the location of the column back to command. General Cannon, hoping to catch the American cavalry off guard, immediately ordered the rest of the 1st (Illinois) Volunteer Cavalry Division and 2nd (Minnesota) Volunteer Cavalry to cross the St. Croix river and converge on the area to annihilate their Federal counterparts. The column from the 2nd (Colored) Cavalry Division likewise reported the engagement, and expecting a counterattack, dismounted, and dug in along a wood line overlooking Redhorse Creek. General Truscott ordered the 7th (North Dakota) Volunteer Cavalry, stationed in Pine City, to ride out to support the 2nd Cavalry who were an hour and a half away.
The 1st (Illinois), though made up of rural farmworkers with plenty of experience around horses, were aligned with the Federalist (Radical Socialist) faction and lacked a clear command structure. They moved en masse down the roads right into the 2nd Cavalry’s skirmish line around 10AM. Hit by machine gun, carbine, and light howitzer fire, they were caught by surprise and took heavy losses. They regrouped a few miles down the road and the various regiments argued about how to handle their opponents for nearly an hour before they eventually voted to dismount and attack on foot. They attacked again, assaulting the Federal lines at noon just in time for the Federal 7th (North Dakota) to arrive and reinforce the 2nd Cavalry’s lines. Once again, the 1st (Illinois), now outnumbered two-to-one, was driven back with heavy losses. The demoralized 1st (Illinois) again voted on how to proceed and decided to dig in on the other side of Redhorse Creek and wait for reinforcements. By 3PM the 2nd (Minnesota) arrived to support the 1st (Illinois). The 2nd (Minnesota) was led by Centralist (Totalist) officers who had military experience from their time with the US Cavalry. They proposed the 1st (Illinois) launch one more diversionary attack on the entrenched Federal cavalry while they swung to the North and attempted to cross Redhorse Creek unopposed. The 1st (Illinois)’s troops were unsurprisingly not pleased with the plan, but having suffered losses already, when the Centralists threatened them with their carbines, they begrudgingly agreed to it.
The gamble paid off. The 1st (Illinois) succeeded in distracting the Federal cavalry divisions long enough for the 2nd (Minnesota) to ride around behind their lines and assault their Northern flank, driving the 7th (North Dakota) nearly a mile to the South before one of the Federal regiments of Mandan volunteers managed to finally stop their advance on a wood line before a large clearing in the forest. The Federal line was now bent into a V shape, with the 7th (North Dakota) facing the North opposing the 2nd (Minnesota), and the 2nd Cavalry facing East against the 1st (Illinois). Both sides were fighting dismounted, using carbines, submachine guns, light machine guns, and light howitzers against each other through dense woods and open clearings along the front line, pushing back and forth through the woods throughout the afternoon and into the evening. By nighttime, as the dead littered the forests and began to attract wolves, it became clear that neither side was going to drive the other from the field without outside help.
The Army of the Mississippi was spread thin from the Canadian Border all the way down to Northern Missouri and was being heavily attacked along the entire front line by Syndicalist forces in the North, and Longist forces in the South. The SCA’s First Army, on the other hand, had been reinforced as a result of the ceasefire with the AUS, and had reserve divisions ready to advance to dislodge Federal resistance. General Cannon ordered the 26th (Wisconsin) Volunteer Infantry Division and the “Henry Ness” Red Guard Division to move into the Chengwatana Forest overnight to support the cavalry. The 26th (Wisconsin) and the “Henry Ness” divisions were equipped with far more artillery than the 1st (Illinois) or the 2nd (Minnesota), and the “Henry Ness” Division had six up-armored Q9 trucks with anti-aircraft guns mounted on the back to provide support and fend off Federal air attacks.
Pictured: Q9 truck of the kind modified and up-armored by the "Henry Ness" Division.
On the dawn of July 5th, the 2nd Cavalry and the 7th (North Dakota) awoke to fierce Syndicalist attack led by fresh infantry and supported by heavy artillery fire and the armored trucks. Though they fought bravely to hold the line, they suffered many casualties and were driven from their positions. General Truscott received word of the attack and ordered the two battered divisions to pull back to St. Paul to avoid getting cut off. The 1st (Illinois) and the 2nd (Minnesota) pursued them, attacking and overrunning several rear-guard detachments before the Federal cavalry reached the relative safety of St. Paul. The 26th (Wisconsin) and the “Henry Ness” Division advanced West, beating back the 31st (Iowa) Volunteer Infantry Division and capturing the town of St. Cloud on July 29th in heavy fighting with the help of the armored trucks, gaining another foothold on the Western banks of the Mississippi River.
Pictured: Minnesota frontlines at the end of July 1937.
Further to the North, the Syndicalist 32nd and 33rd (Minnesota) Volunteer Infantry divisions, along with the 89th Infantry Division that had defected to the Syndicalists after the election of ‘36, defeated the Federal 34th “Sandstorm” Division at the Battle of Red Lake despite being under heavy Federal air attack throughout the battle. The Second Continental Army was now on the advance across the entire Minnesota Front causing General Truscott to realize he could not hold his current frontline. He ordered all Federal units to pull back and dig in behind the peatlands of Northern Minnesota, the town of Detroit Lakes and its surrounding namesakes, and the Mississippi River where the terrain was more defensible, while in Southern Minnesota the Army of the Mississippi was pulled back to the Cedar River to prevent a complete Syndicalist breakthrough and the encirclement of Minneapolis. The Army of the Mississippi was in a tenuous spot, and General Truscott was worried that unless reinforcements arrived soon, Minneapolis would be cut off, and the entire state of Minnesota would fall back in Syndicalist hands.
At the same time as the Syndicalist offensive into Minnesota began, the Army of Oklahoma began a renewed offensive into Nebraska, led by the German
Legion Schwarzer Adler, which hammered Federal lines from the air and infiltrated using storm trooper tactics devised during the First Weltkrieg. It also saw the first use of German Kätzchen tanks in battle, which helped German and Southern troops to break through the 36th (Nebraska) Volunteer Infantry, overrun the town of Grand Island, and advance as far as the Loup River before they were finally halted and the offensive stalled. The Kätzchens light armor had allowed them to travel quickly across the Prairie, but had made them vulnerable to anti-tank guns, and their success was cut short when they encountered a battalion of Nebraska Volunteers with a battery of M3 37mm anti-tank guns on the banks of the Loup River who knocked out four Kätzchens and disabled another three, finally halting the German armored advance.
Pictured: German Kätzchen tank in Nebraska, July 1937.
Pictured: Map of the Nebraska Front at the end of July 1937.
The Washington Uprising and the truce between the AUS and the CSA had increased anxiety among Federal commanders, and soon reports of Federal terror behind the lines against suspected enemy sympathizers crept out into the media, marring the image of the Federal government and weakening its criticisms of the actions of some of the Syndicalist Commissars in the Red Belt and the Pacific Northwest, and General del Valle’s Army of Georgia’s rampage through Kentucky. President Olson, under pressure from military leadership, denied the accusations, stating “Only discretionary violence was used, any commander capable of true brutality has already become a rebel.” Historical evidence, however, has since shown that Federal forces were not as innocent during the war as President Olson portrayed, and that high command often turned a blind eye to excesses committed by Federal officers and units against rebel partisans.
Pictured: OSS memo on Loyalist Terror.
As July, 1937 came to an end, the United States had once again found itself spread thin, unable to contain enemy offensives, and deeply paranoid about the enemy within its territory. The end of the Second American Civil War had disappeared over the horizon, and once again the question of whether the United States and its democratic system could even survive the war began to be whispered on the lips of its loyal citizens.