Chapter V: Vijaya I
Part 3: Trouble at Home (1433-1438)
Winding Down
Vijaya I, Emperor and Rajah of Vijayanagara, had problems dealing with success. Specifically he fell into the ancient trap of believing in his own infallibility, which in turn made a number of people very angry.
The problem began in June 1431 when Vijaya's tryst with a clerk resulted in a new heir to the throne. It didn't help that, now that the war was over and he could return to the capital, he gave young Mallikarjuna a place of honor in what amounted to a five hundred mile (about 800 km) victory parade. The people rejoiced in the pomp and ceremony of Vijaya's homecoming. His detractors watched, worried and waited.
Nor did it help when Vijaya quietly stopped consulting with the advisory
Pradhana. Legally he didn't have to consult his council, but as it consisted of representatives he'd appointed from the more powerful families it made political sense to do so. When the
Mahapradhana, or prime minister, resigned in disgust shortly after his return even more moderate souls wondered if Vijaya was starting to slip down the same path as the 'God King' Virkupashka.
Unlike his predecessor, however, Vijaya surrounded himself with a small coterie of women willing to help him deal with any stress or frustration. His writings concerning military conquest had spread throughout southern India, and there was no shortage of ladies - noble and clerk alike - willing to let him refine his tactics.
If nothing else, this seems to have kept him level headed as rumors spread. He sent envoys with gifts and promises of good will to nearby Rajputana in an effort to forge a long term alliance. His target: Gujarat with its rich trading center at Baroda. He felt another war might distract his enemies as well as get him away from an increasingly hostile mother to his child.
Rajputana answered with their own delegation agreeing to the alliance. Further, they arrived with a young woman in her mid to late teens as a possible bride for the rajah. Vijaya 'gave' her to the son of one of the more hostile nobles hoping to win him (or his son) over. It did neither, nor did it really impress the delegation.
(Royal Marriage)
Rajputana's rajah, Mahdu Singh, replied that since the 'bride' was from one of his noble families he would let the 'transaction' go through, but noted it might be best if Vijaya pay closer attention to, and treat with greater respect, those who would be his allies and friends.
(Event: Friendly Warning - no effect, just an advisory to watch my Infamy)
In other news, a virtual army of clerks flooded the newly conquered lands to help bring their administrative potential up to the empire's standards. Vijaya appointed governors and commanders for each region. The news was mixed:
In the west, where a large majority in Konkan supported Vijaya's 'interference' in the face of forced conversion to Islam, the process went very smoothly. Indeed, it went so smoothly that the Marathi majority quickly worked their way into the upper echelons of Imperial administration. Here there would be little, if any, dissent to Vijaya's rule and the two sides quickly built up a great deal of trust and mutual respect.
(Marathi is an accepted culture.)
The news from Raichur was more troubling. Here Taj ud-din Bahamanid had made some gains for his faith. With him removed from the picture, majority Hindus now turned the tables and punished those who'd converted to Allah. Minority Shiites and Sunnis formed an unlikely alliance with Oriental Christians as they were pushed into ghettoes and outlying villages. It would take a delicate hand to keep the whole region from going up in flames.
(Heretics gain popular support.)
Pirates of India
All of this was nothing compared to the threat from the high seas. There had always been coastal piracy of course, with documented evidence dating back to the Chalukya dynasties five hundred years before. Nonetheless, a strong nation with a powerful navy could usually keep it to a minimum through such advanced techniques as escorted convoys and signal fires.
By 1433, Vijayanagara's naval power dipped dangerously low. Years of relative neglect and a handful of decisive defeats left the shattered remnants of the Imperial fleet sitting in Mysore's port. During the war with the Deccan Sultanates, Vijaya weakened it further by allowing Nagendra ("Naggy") to build a (land) military academy in Vijayanagara.
(Event: Dedicated Military Leadership: -84 ducats, +1 prestige, -5 tax, +0.25 morale)
This made sense for a nation that expected to do the bulk of its fighting against Muslim neighbors to the north. Nonetheless, the signal this sent to young noblemen was clear enough: Join the navy and waste your life getting drunk in port. Join the army and win glory for yourself and your family.
It's worth noting that 'getting drunk in port' certainly appealed to many. Just no one with a rudimentary concept of modern naval tactics and, as the older captains retired or died off, they had no one to learn them from.
Trade between Malacca, China and India flourished and proved too much temptation to pass up. Disgruntled nobles began patronizing small fleets in exchange for a cut of the spoils. Advanced warning of the Empire's increasingly sporadic patrols meant these pirates could easily evade their enemies before returning to strike again.
One captain's report from this time describes the problems.
Log of merchant ship 'Sachet' - Sometime in 1435 said:
Day 1: In the morning, we set course from Trivandrum to Goa. Weather is fair, with wind blowing (landward). A patrol ship (coastal - smaller than a sloop) will escort us into open waters for all the difference their presence makes. (The naval day ends at noon.)
Day 2: Afternoon: Wind now from the southeast - we will make good time. Encountered two ships tacking towards us. We mutually evaded each other. Once sure of each others intent the rear ship flew a (banner) warning us of pirates ahead. (Though Indian vessels at this time did not possess semaphore or anything like it, they were capable of communicating rudimentary concepts.) Evening: Lookout reports a ship to seaward. I will reverse course for tonight and so evade them.
Dawn: Enemy ship guessed my intent and also changed course. They are now one mile to seaward behind me and closing. The wind has shifted again giving him the advantage ... triangular sails, sleek vessel. Probably Arab or Persian. Morning: They have ordered our surrender. We sighted two other ships apparently from Trivandrum heading towards us. They sensibly ran from our chase. One is fleeing directly for the city, hopefully to ask them to send help. Lookout reports Quilon (Kollam) three miles ahead. If we can hold on for another twenty minutes they will surely send help ... No help from Quilon. Their patrol ship is away. We must... (surrender?)
('Sachet's' course, overlaid over a modern map.)
For a time merchant houses replied by attempting to establish overland trade routes with Bihar. Poor relations with neighboring Gondwana, where the caravans would need to pass through, made this even less profitable than chancing piracy.
(MMU gives a bonus to merchant competing and tenacity for smaller traders. Going above 10 or so - or five in each of two TCs - makes it very hard for me to stay competitive.)
When pirates intercepted a shipment of rare eastern spices meant for Vijayanagara itself, the rajah finally swung into action establishing a nationwide defense plan. He ordered new coastal patrol ships constructed and agreed with mercantile attempts to organize shipping routes. This effectively isolated smaller merchant houses and prevented them from competing. Over the next ten years dozens of companies went out of business while a small handful of men - those who either reached an accomodation with pirates or could survive a high level of risk - became very wealthy.
(Piracy Rampant in Kondavidu. In response I instituted a Limited Anti-Piracy Plan: (National Tax -10%, Land Force Limit -7.5%, Navy Force Limit -35%, Prestige +0.2%/yr)
It wasn't bad enough that Vijaya spent his entire reign (and years before) working his way through a surprising percentage of the wives and daughters of Imperial aristocracy, nor that he spurned every one in favor of his next tryst. He'd proceeded to impregnate a
clerk and make said child the heir apparent. He'd repeatedly ignored their concerns,
(Concern over Parlakamidi: -1 Prestige) ignored his own advisory council, and greatly strengthened a handful of
merchants to the point their wealth dwarfed many of the nobles.
No. Finally in October 1433 Vijaya finally tired of Mallikarjuna's mother and sent her home. Finally, at age thirty-two, he announced he would marry. As nobles presented their less debauched daughters for his perusal, the emperor of the Vijayanagaran Empire selected...
...an outsider. Perundevi, the only daughter of Sudangpha III of Assam. Perundevi was an attractive girl in her mid to late teens, soft spoken, gentle - and unable to speak a word of Kannada nor Telegu.
This was too much. Though the local nobles continued to pay lip service to their sovereign (something to do with thirty thousand men under arms), they began speaking covertly against Vijaya and looking towards the day he might make a fatal misstep.
(Aristocrat Faction: Furious.) The governor/former Rajah of Trivandrum met with several others including the governor of Madurai to found the 'Pink Lotus.'
The
Pink Lotus, named after one of the symbols favored by Vishnu, wasn't necessarily looking to overthrow the Rajah - though there were certainly exceptions. They wanted to weaken Vijaya however and to make him more beholden to their will. They planned to do this by economically strangling the merchants who supported their rajah's efforts to at least attempt to contain piracy. The
Lotus therefore actively funded larger pirate fleets thanks to loans from Muslim merchants.
(Islamic Merchants in Tiruchchirapalli). Similar to Vijaya's efforts, this resulted in isolating the small-time pirates who either joined with their betters or faded away.
In 1434 a fleet of thirty-four ships - mostly coastal privateers with a handful of bonafide transports - descended on the coastline recently conquered from the Bahamanids. The merchant houses had built small escort fleets, but nothing on this scale. Certainly the Imperial fleet wasn't up to a major battle. The towns and cities of the Deccan coast therefore suffered under virtual siege until the pirates realized they'd cleared the waters of any prizes and so faded away.
(Piracy uncontrolled in Dadra, Raichur Doab)
This led Bhadur I of Gujarat to gamble over neighboring Dadra. He sent agents into the troubled cities who whispered into influential ears.
Should the Marathi not be free? they asked.
Should the Marathi not, at least, find someone who can protect them?
We've noted that the Marathi quickly found acceptance with their new masters and so refused the 'invitation.' Local officials captured two agents who, under duress, admitted they were paid by Bhadur Muzaffarid of Gujarat. Once more Vijaya prepared for war and moved sixteen thousand men towards the Gujarat border.
Then came a warning from, of all places, Vijaya's wife.
Perundevi said:
My Lord, I have spoken with a number of men and women through your land. As you know, your greatness has scared many who see themselves as great. They would rise up against you and only wait for your distraction. If you start this war, no matter how justified you may be, they will see this as their chance. Patience, my lord. Come to bed, knowing that events to ensure your revenge are already in motion.
(Special Foreign Envoy: Another BB warning - currently at 10.83/19. Not sure why it spiked.)
Perundevi was more than just pretty. She quickly mastered the local Telegu language and in later years minimized her accent. She made friends with a number of loyalists (especially monarchists who wanted Vijaya to rule forever) and built an effective, subtle intelligence network.
For a little over one year the situation remained stable. The
Pink Lotus continued their raids, but by now the remaining merchant houses formed escorts and pirate hunting squadrons to level the playing field. Then, in July 1435 a ship from Trivandrum arrived:
Tamasi, Mallikarjuna's mother, had not done well since returning home. She'd lost her child and position. Her family turned her away. She subsisted for almost two years on scraps and begging before deciding she'd had enough. Since her mate was lost to her, she vowed to commit Sati.
This caused some dissent within the
Lotus, between those who hoped to use her to highlight Vijaya's cruelty and those who thought Sati too honorable for a clerk. The former faction won and sent a challenge to Vijayanagara: Let her die and expose your tyranny, or force her to live (also a cruel act) and turn your back on tradition.
Vijaya never loved Tamasi, but he still felt guilty that she might choose death over living without him. He traveled to Malabar under heavy escort and offered a third alternative: Nominal 'Sati,' exile, and a life long pension.
A Short, Inglorious Affair
In April 1436 Rajputana declared war on Gujarat over the Jaisalmer border region. This gave Vijaya the excuse he needed and he joined the war along with Gondwana and Nepal.
(Mission completed: +1 Prestige) Baluchistan joined the defense.
(Unfortunately for some reason my war map didn't save. I'm not happy.)
This resulted in what experts call a 'dogpile.' Khandesh finished up a successful war against the prostate Bahamanids and declared war along with Delhi. Khorasan and Persia also tried their luck.
As the war began Bhadur of Gujarat determined his greatest threat came from the south, therefore he chanced catastrophic defeat in an attempt to force Vijaya out of the war as soon as possible. He massed nine thousand men in Surat. The Empire had a total of sixteen thousand men on the Deccan coast led by Sadashivaraya Chatterji and Vijaya himself.
Reinforcements boosted Bhadur's numbers to sixteen thousand and he crossed into Dadra in July. He may have hoped Marathi would rise up to join him, but by 1436 he probably realized his efforts to incite a rebellion had failed. Instead he hoped to crush Chatterji's army before Vijaya could move up and so defeat the Imperial army in detail.
As the two armies marched towards each other, the one naval battle of the war took place. Last year, in an effort to discourage piracy, the emperor ordered the Imperial navy out of port to patrol the Vijayanagaran coast from Dadra to Parlakimidi and back. This resulted in a few small victories, but the badly underequipped fleet was no match for Gujarat.
In July eleven Gujarat warships met the Imperials consisting of four warships and five transports, and no commander worthy of the title. Gujarati commander Ahmad Shirivastaiv split his fleet in two and easily ran down the fleeing Imperials. By the end of the day Vijayanagara lost one ship and four transports.
In Dadra, Vijaya arrived over a week ahead of Bhadur's advance. More reinforcements under Harihara Mayekar arrived on July 24. By the time Bhadur realized his danger, he'd already committed to the single largest battle in Imperial history.
The Gujarati and Vijayanagaran armies were similar in composition: Both sides favored mobility over protection with Muslim infantry favoring knife, bow and sword. Their cavalry relied on a mixture of curved scimitars and horse bows that resembled those used by the Ottomans and Mamluks.
When skirmishers made contact the Imperial army was massed around the village of Bhilad and somewhat disorganized as Chatterji and Vijaya integrated their commands. They planned to consolidate and expand their front line to pin the Gujarati as cavalry sniped at the flanks.
Senapaati Mayekar detached his cavalry to rush forward and support the advance while his footmen would act as a reserve upon arrival.
Bhadur had planned to cross the Ganges River and, if time permitted, hold and fortify any fords. When he ran out of time he hoped to rush forward with his footsoldiers and flank the Imperials before they could form up. His right flank consisted of horsemen who initially planned to flank their enemy, but quickly switched roles into skirmishing with their counterparts.
The two cavalry commands fought ineffectively, intermingling formations in a wild dance of sabre and hoof. Similarly the front line shifted back and forth yards at a time with hundreds of men falling to be trampled by friend and foe alike. Bhadur had a gift for being calm in a crisis and conveying this to his people, deploying banner after banner of reserves to fill the wavering line. What Chatterji and Vijaya lost through disunited command they made up for with sheer numbers.
For over an hour the clash remained in doubt until Mayekar's cavalry joined the fray pushing the Gujarati front back so that the middle resembled an inverted wedge or 'V'. Bhadur still had a chance to save the day as he rallied the last of his reserves and launched a counterattack hoping to collapse Mayekar's flanks and destroy him.
Then Bhadur's cavalry finally broke, allowing Vijaya's to attack the Gujarati from behind. Banner after banner broke as morale shattered and it was only Vijaya's need to consolidate his gains that allowed Bhadur to escape at all. When the sun dawned on July 25, 2,100 Imperials were either dead or wounded, while they'd killed 2,700 Gujarati.
Three days later Vijaya launched a counterattack into Surat hoping to annihilate Bhadur's army. Here 17,000 Imperials fought 11,000 Gujarati, but this time Bhadur used the nearby jungles and hills to advantage raining down a barrage of arrows into Vijaya's surprised men as they marched more or less in column.
Vijaya quickly deployed for battle and managed to once more push Bhadur back thanks to scouting cavalry pinning down and destroying isolating units, but three thousand Vijayanagarans lost their lives.
This was enough for Vijaya: With Rajputana running this war, he wasn't likely to win anything. Given repeated warnings from his wife and others about a secret organization called the 'Pink Lotus,' he wasn't sure he wanted to add to his troubles right now. Scouts reported that the Shah of Khandesh, having thrashed Ali Bahamanid, was en route to Surat with 7,500 men to take that city for himself. Vijaya therefore retreated across the border and signed a truce with Bhadur in November.
Success
In August 1437 Sudengpha III of Assam abandoned his mortal coil and went on to his next incarnation. He had no heir, unless one counted his daughter Perundevi, which Vijaya did. He instantly asserted his claim (on Perundevi's behalf) to the Assam throne. Word hadn't reached the distant princedom of Vijaya's naval weakness or trouble at home so local nobles acceded to his demands without incident in return for a guarantee of Assam's rights and appointment of a local ruling council.
(Guarantee, and,...)
This did not sit well with the 'Pink Lotus.' In September one member took matters into his own hands and hired an assassin.
Perundevi found out.
Some time in mid-September, the assassin crept through the strangely underdefended halls of the Palace of Victory and entered the king's bedroom. There he discovered not his target, but Nagendra Maharpelli and seven armed men. The ensuing battle saw "Naggy" fatally poisoned and the assassin captured. He broke under questioning and revealed his employer: Mallikarjuna Dasari, Governor of Madurai.
Maharpelli was given a funeral worthy of his brief, but outstanding contributions to the Empire. Vijaya marched southward at the head of seven thousand men to 'arrest' Dasari. Dasari replied by raising six thousand bandits, most of them soldiers who found themselves without work as Vijaya's reign turned peaceful.
(Ecorcheurs: Forcibly disarm = 6,000 Revolutionaries)
Through the autumn Dasari's renegade army turned on his own people by stealing food and supplies for the upcoming campaign. Dasari encouraged his 'Lotus' allies to take to the field. By now Sri Viri Varma, former rajah of Travanacore and now governor of Malabar, had taken full control of the 'Pink Lotus' and declined the invitation. He reasoned that Vijaya had access to advanced intelligence but did not yet know the extent of the conspiracy against him nor most of its members. Indeed, far better to disgrace Vijaya than turn him into some kind of martyr.
On December 22, Dasari met Vijaya south of Tamil Kongu on an open field. Dasari's bandits advanced en masse with footsoldiers in the fore and up to 1,000 horsemen in reserve. The emperor deployed his men on a wide front declining to keep a reserve and split his banner of horsemen to snipe at the flanks.
Vijaya's men enveloped Dasari's before they could fully deploy. The bandits' cavalry chose not to help their friends and simply faded away - with their commander. The leaderless footsoldiers surrendered en masse in half an hour's fighting. Within the next two days Dasari's cavalry abandoned their commander. Three days later Vijaya's soldiers trapped him in a commoner's hut.
And set it on fire.