Chapter III: Mallikarjuna I
Part 1: Second Verse... (1411-1415)
A Tale of Two Brothers
Mallikarjuna was the first son of Ila, Harihara II's sole daughter. He was born in 1389 and grew into a thin, dark man given to stomach ailments and the distemper that often comes with recurring illness. He was raised in Vijayanagara and trained from a young age to be ready to assume the throne if Virkupashka had no direct heirs. As he was well known at court, no one with any power questioned his legitimacy. Indeed, those in power looked forward to a long period of quiet growth.
Life in his uncle's court was generally tolerable: Virkupashka didn't dote on his nephews, but he didn't rage unreasonably either. The only recorded case of near violence came when Mallikarjuna's brother, Devaraya, stole his uncle's war chariot and drove it into a tree.
Mallikarjuna watched his uncle's increasingly direct battles with his advisors and concluded that great men simply can't rely on the advice of others. The counsel of 'normal' men - those not far advanced on the path to enlightenment - couldn't be valid no matter how well meaning. Indeed, he reasoned that if a 'normal' person should suggest he do one thing, then the best course of action was probably the opposite.
Devaraya took a more objective view of the interplay between king and council: Virkupashka erred in directly fighting them. No, better to just do what you want and manipulate the advisors into thinking it was their idea. Then everyone wins.
The new king's contrary nature became apparent right after his coronation. Orissan officials asked about the possibility of returning their lost territories.
Mallikarjuna said:
I would rather see (the disputed lands) salted and burned before the Orissan flag flies there again.
A far more suggestion involved forsaking Virkupashka's "peace" flag in favor of the old one featuring Varasha the Boar as a sign that Mallikarjuna repudiated his uncle's aggression.
Mallikarjuna said:
I rather like (the flag.) I was considering exporting some to our neighbors.
(Meeting the Foreign Emissaries: Sabre-rattling, +1 infamy)
Despite an inauspicious beginning and an apparent eagerness to frustrate the reinstated
Pradhana, the rich and powerful regarded his ascension with cautious optimism. At least he didn't think he was on a divinely inspired mission to conquer half of India and cultists weren't trying to deify him!
Mallikarjuna also made several quick moves to soothe relations with his neighbors. He halted further expansion of the army and exchanged gifts and envoys with Bijar, Rajputana and Gondwana. Mallikarjuna also won permission from the Ming emperors to trade in Nanjing as well as Guangzhou.
In all this he was supported by his wife, Vaidehi. We know very little of Vaidehi: She was born and raised in Gondwana and came to Vijayanagara in a marriage arranged by Virkupashka. She was petit and demure, with an apparent indifferent courtly education and, of course, few social rights beyond the protection of her husband. On the other hand, Vaidehi was an able hostess and diplomat, skilled at softening her husband's contrary tendencies. More importantly, of all the people in the Vijayanagaran Empire, he trusted her and their affection appears to have been genuine.
Varupaksha Mallikarjun,
Senaapati and commander of the Imperial army during Virkupashka's reign, resigned in October. Publicly the king thanked his commander's noble efforts, while Varupaksha expressed his desire to let Mallikarjuna appoint his own commander. Privately he was more direct:
Varupaksha Mallikarjun said:
I did not come so far in life to serve a woman! Or his wife!
These were calm years in Vijayanagara - calm, but active. In 1412 nobles in Bangalore, sensing their importance in the Empire (as well as the Empire's relatively strength compared to Mysore), issued a statement renewing their vows of fealty and friendship with 'the noble Mallikarjuna.'
(Monarchist faction in Bangalore. Social Outrage in Mysore.) This would have unexpected consequences in a few short years.
Through the spring of 1412, Imperial merchants were all but driven out of Nanjing by a determined effort from Imagawa. Mallikarjuna had never heard of Imagawa, and his advisors proved their worthlessness in his eyes by being unable to find it on a map. Ming trademasters insisted they were a realm of no importance and the problem in fact came from poor Imperial credit. Virkupashka debased the coinage badly to fund his military campaigns and now word had gotten out. The Rajah decided to take the matter in hand.
In January 1413 he dismissed
Mahapradhana Verkata Chennavet, the holy man who'd penned the
Avaghosanaa Anusthaana Vijaya concerning religious tolerance. In his place came the hard nosed Narasimha Mallikarjun, a distant relative of the now retired general with a reputation for fairness and complete intolerance for any who disagreed. Mallikarjun ordered the return of what coinage could be retrieved for its actual value, severely weakening those honest merchants who obeyed.
Still, by 1414 the tide was turning in favor of the young monarch.
(Back to 'Capable' government.) Narasimha's draconian efforts stabilized the economy and affected few enough people to prevent a serious recession. On the other hand, several merchants in Madras and Goa did have to either retire or combine with others to stay in business. This created gaps in supply and trade that Muslims happily filled.
This event also fired for Goa months later.
Much like during his grandfather's reign, Mallikarjuna quickly learned that tolerance led to tension as men, attracted by Muslim wealth, novelty and luxury, converted to worshipping Allah.
Under Mallikarjun, the
Pradhana slowly reasserted its rights in the Empire with little objection from the sovereign who appointed them. This new council once more shifted focus from Kongu back to Madras and enjoyed a clear majority. Any ill will due to Virkupashka's callous treatment of their city and people evaporated quickly: They had entirely new reasons to be vexed with Mallikarjuna, who saw no point in listening.
In May 1414, the
Pradhana advised their king that if he saw no need to rescue Hindus in Konkan, maybe he'd rescue people of his faith
and culture from the cruel Sultan of Raichur.
(New mission: Same one Peperna gave Virkupashka a few posts back.)
As Mallikarjuna determined the best way to ignore or pervert the council's opinion, he came up with two options:
First, he could simply remain at peace.
Second, he could attack someone else.
Right.
Giant in the Playground
There were several reasons for Vijayanagara going to war in the winter of 1415. Some were even logical.
Mysore would be Mallikarjuna's real target. The emperor enjoyed very high approval in neighboring Bangalore, and since Bangalore shared cultures with their former homeland (and Raichur) for that matter, unifying the area would be of great benefit to the Empire.
Getting to Mysore meant attacking Travanacore. Travanacore and Mysore were allied, and their truce with Vijayanagara ran out in December.
(For those paying attention, I scaled back the time truces last from 10 yrs in MM to 8. I felt 10 was too much, but I understand the principle behind extending it, so I split the difference with Vanilla. Similarly, since I cancel missions when I get a new monarch to reflect new personalities and tendencies, I scaled the penalty back from -10 in MM to the default -5 prestige).
Technically Mallikarjuna didn't need much provocation or excuse for attacking either state: The Empire enjoyed a valid claim on Mysore due to common culture, and on Malabar because of documents and promises dating to the late 1350s when Harihara I began subduing Madurai. As it happened though, Travanacore's Ravi Kerala Varma recently endorsed worshipping Shiva above Vishnu and Brahma. While Mallikarjuna wasn't as caught up in religious affairs as his uncle, having a kingdom worshipping the destroyer at his back door couldn't be a good thing.
Subjugating or destroying the two smaller states would also allow the Empire to focus their armies on more dangerous enemies.
In early January Mallikarjuna took command of the Mysoran army
(Fire 2 Shock 1 Maneuver 2 Siege 1) and declared a general advance.
(VIJAYANAGARA vs. MYSORE, Travanacore)
It wasn't much of a plan, and it wasn't much of a war.
In January, Mallikarjuna met Yadu Raya east of Mysore. The Imperial army consisted of some six thousand light infantry with two thousand elephants and a handful of cavalry 'scouts', while the Mysorans had perhaps five thousand infantry and one thousand horse archers.
Much like his uncle had years earlier, Mallikarjuna kept the elephants in reserve and slowly flanked the enemy as his infantry pinned theirs. Yadu Raya chose not to fall for the same trick twice and sent his archers to harass the elephants and hopefully hurt them enough to panic. Arrows rained down on the flankers, and the emperor ordered his elephants to widen frontage into what would one day be called a skirmish or open formation.
Despite this sensible precaution a handful of elephants bolted, but rather than creating panic it forced the elephants into a stampede. Yadu Raya's horsemen, for the most part, dodged the onslaught but determined handlers managed to guide the rush through the heart of the Mysoran infantry. Yadu Raya retreated with over two thousand casualties and would surrender two months later.
In the south, Ravi Kerala Varma defended his realm with perhaps one thousand cavalry and three thousand infantry against eight thousand Imperials. Here it would be the Travanacorans attempting to outmaneuver their foes with flanking horse archers, but Ravi Kerala simply ran into poor luck.
Though much of India had converted to the use of horse archers, the Indian horse bow didn't have the same strength and range of Tartar horse bows or Japanese
yumi, and little more than that used by the infantry. Further, Imperial discipline more than made up for Travancorean desperation and Vijayanagara won the brief ranged exchange.
As Ravi Kerala saw his cavalry flee the battle and his men pinned at the base of (Mount) Anamudi, he bowed to the inevitable and surrendered en-masse.
In both campaigns, Vijayanagar lost about 900 wounded or killed.
Through 1415 sieges continued without further incident. Within the Empire there was a great sense of complacency - that the war was 'over there' beyond the Western Ghats and not very dangerous at that. Even the
Pradhana could find little bad to say despite having their advice completely ignored. The Empire won with few casualties and would, in time, be strengthened for it.
Dark Tidings
In September refugees fled across the border from Golconda telling horrible tales of forced conversion, looting and murder.
When the Bahamanid/Deccan Sultanates annexed Bastar from Gondwana, they picked up a sizeable Telegu minority. The Telegu, culturally similar to Orissa and eastern Vijayanagar, also held a significant presence in neighboring Golconda. Deccan claimed Telegu 'nationalists' fleeing Telingana after losing to Vijayanagara started causing trouble and fomenting rebellion.
(Bahamanids: Telegu Heathens - no idea what this event does.)
They responded by sending Shiite Imams into Golconda to convince the people to accept their destiny and submit to Allah. The fact that armed mercenaries shielded these Imams and dealt with troublemakers didn't help matters.
(I noticed their first conversion attempt in September.)
The
Pradhana asked their sovereign to stop the fighting and rescue those Hindu 'held in Muslim captivity.' Once more he ignored their advice.
The Bahamanid sultans learned their lesson well: Vijayanagara was more interested in fighting fellow Hindus than Deccan. They'd allowed Muslim merchants onto their soil thrice in twenty years. They'd avoided every Muslim/Hindu war in the same time period. In short, Vijayanagara didn't
care and they took advantage of their apathy.
Riots broke out in Raichur, Konkan, Golconda and elsewhere as the sultans' armies put hundreds of Hindus to the sword and forced hundreds more to convert. Rajputana and Bihar declared war and Bahamanid armies surged north.
Vaidehi, at the head of seven guards, risked refugees and bandits both and crossed into Mysorean soil. She found him planning an assault on the city walls and dropped to her knees.
Vaidehi said:
My Lord, I know you have spent your life spurning the advice of any man and have always relied upon your own counsel with good result. None doubt your wisdom, surely not your wife, and you do not need a woman to tell you your business. I must tell you, however, that the city is in an uproar. Thousands have crossed the border and dare not return to their homes. They are killing our people, beloved, and so they are killing us.
I am not advising you, husband. I am begging. I am pleading for succor. Do something. Stop this madness before it sweeps India and our way of life - our very gods - is nothing more than a memory.