As I understand it, every day the Supply system sends out the maximum required daily supply for each unit from the capital or main supply port (overseas territory). This is the amount each unit needs to fight at maximum effectiveness. Then, all of these supplies travel to the units in the field. Whatever supplies are unable to reach the unit they were meant to reach, and those that prove superfluous to requirements (once the unit in question has a 30-day reserve) get returned to the source. This is why you will see a 'returned to stockpile' number when you hover over the supplies or fuel stockpile with your mouse. Moving units at their regular marching speed uses a little bit more supplies & fuel than not moving, but fighting and strategic redeployment use up significantly more.
During peace-time you will see high 'returned to stockpile' numbers, but during wartime or large-scale redeployments that number will go down significantly. (though there is a delay depending on how far your units are from the capital). Bear in mind that there is also a cost to moving supplies around, so even if no supplies are used (impossible, but bear with me), the amount 'returned to stockpile' will still be smaller than the amount sent into the network.