Badboy pretty much covered but a few others it goes down 1 point every 4 years, so take things steady through the whole length of the game and don't go mad at the start.
To find out what yours is find your saved game, go my computer/program files/Paradox/EU/senarios/saved games (i think thats the path) and look for your saved game. There will be two entries for each save, a big one 2000k or so and a tiny one 1k. Douple click on the big one and your computer should default to wordpad to open it. On the toolbar at the top are some binoculars (find next), click on this and type badboy, then keep hitting find next and it will jump through all the countries. Your countries TAG should be your first three letters ie FRA = France (a few are different but this is true 95%)
Colonising, countries get a bonus to colonise areas which they did historically so i normally start off getting historical areas, ie north america for England, central and carribean for Spain, Brazil for Portugal.
Then i check the natives, if they are medium aggressive or above i kill them, (move an army in and keep hitting attack natives) if they are below i try to get them to join my colony (just colonise with natives still there).
Thirdly i check what the province produces, go for Tobacco, Naval supplies, Sugar, Spice, Chinaware, first. Leave things like fish and wool till later (ie when you have spare colonists)
Finally if you have any explorers or conquestadors with nothing to do, (not as unusual as it sounds) get them to the provinces you are currently trying to colonise as they increase the chance. Also a TP before you try a level 1 colony also increases the chance.
Budgeting, start of the game everything into stability until its at +3, then switch everything to land until i can build cannons, (if i'm naval at all everything to naval until i can build transport ships) then after that everything into trade until i can do monoplies, then everything to infrastructure until i can promote governors (reduce inflation, very good) After that it doesn't really matter, you should be strong enough by this point, whatever i feel like, depends on the type of game i'm playing. For example if i'm someone like Austria and i really really want to colonise then everything back to Naval until i can build golden shipyards.
I either take nil money from my treasury if i am playing a big country (lots of provinces to build governors later to reduce inflation) or run at full left (negative money) for small countries.
If you run at full right (max money) for one year you will get 1% inflation, so sometimes i will take this inflation hit for just one year to get enough money to fight a big war.
Hope this helps, welcome to the forum