1963 - Into the Fire
The immediate aftermath following reports about the death of the Xuantong Emperor can best be described as utter pandemonium. Internal struggles between officials and warlords totally paralysed the state apparatus of the Qing, indefinitely delaying any real response to the open as well as covert invasion of its territory. The Japanese military mission was reduced to spectators as Republican guerillas declared rulership over vast swathes of the country even as Guangzhou denied taking any action. Defections by warlords to the cause of the Millennialists or Fengtien with entire divisions or even corps of Qing troops, only hastened the collapse of the state. Attempts by a few Army officers to assume direct control of the Qing government apparatus by force were rebuffed by what loyal troops remained in Beijing and resulted in a rapid decline in relations between Qing officials and the Japanese mission. Locked out of government and incapable of assuming control orders to abandon the the capital were received from Tokyo. Despite being more or less stripped of any real power, a number of military and diplomatic staff still found it hard to abandon the city. In their memoirs Japanese officials that had been there during the evacuation cited that although relations had declined the Empire was at that point not at war with any of the powers in China. They also brought out the the symbolic value of Beijing, both as the seat of power for the Qing and as the site of the Siege of the Legations during the Boxer rebellion.
Army officers especially put an emphasis on the relative weakness of the forces converging on Beijing, claiming that they were little more than rabble significantly weaker than the Boxers. Although true, that the forces were sparsely armed with heavy weapons and corrupt to a laughable degree, their expectations relied on relief from the Home Islands being available at nigh a moments notice, a difficult ask given the split attention of the Cabinet. Waters were muddled even more by the presence of a number of members of the Aisin-Gioro clan. They as well as some other members of the Qing court had fled to the Legations seeking shelter and imploring the Japanese not to abandon the city. Yet, neither the overly optimistic evaluations of the generals nor the begging of royalty could over come orders. Nor the reality that the food supplies as well as the number of troops required to effectively defend the Legation Quarter against the invaders, corrupt as they might be, were deemed seriously lacking. Given that the Japanese at that point had the largest amount of troops in the city, their decision to evacuate resulted in a similar decision by a number of other delegations.
Reports from those present at the Evacuation of the Legations say that the sky over the
Quarter was black from the huge amount of documents begin burned.
Ironically enough the Japanese departure was followed by a degree of stabilization as internal struggles between Qing officials were put on hold so as to counter the march on Beijing by other forces in the Chinese Civil War. Republican regulars from Tianjin, under the guise of be guerillas, were the first non-Qing force into the city and bore the brunt of the initial fighting. Their arrival, as well as the rumour of further invasions, prompted numerous uprisings in the city by local Republican and Millennialist sympathizers. Despite rumours, Millennialist regulars would however not make it into the city, having begun clashing with Republican forces in earnest along their own border and in other former territories of the Qing. Due to this Republican attention and resources were also drawn away from the city and it is very likely that the Qing defenders would been able to restore control in the city, had it not been for the arrival of the Fengtien. The vanguard of the Zhang forces was primarily made up of defecting Qing divisions and much better armed than the city garrison, falling upon the city in mid-September. Supported by a continuous flow of new material and men, the Fengtien soon made quick work of the defenders and establishing themselves as the, disputed, controller of the city.
Fengtien control however meant no reprieve for the civilian population, as the forces of the Zhang bathed the city in blood seeking to rip out the Millennialists root and stem within the city. The city was well and truly purged of any and all indications of resistance, including Republican supporters much to the ire of Guangzhou, and by late October, the city was deemed pacified enough for the arrival of the Young Marshal. Accompanied by members of his family as well as high-ranking officials of the Fengtien administration, overlapping more often than not, the entourage set towards Beijing by train to Mukden. Unfortunately for them, as well as debatably all of China, the Young Marshall would would not make it to his destination. Even before the train could even really leave the confines of Mukden, it was destroyed in an explosion. The loss of much of their leadership robbed the Fengtien of their initiative and sent them into a power struggle almost as violent as that of the Qing. The assassination has provoked a number of theories, although no clear responsibility has yet been established.
Most theories about the explosion have focused on the intersection with the Japanese controlled South Manchurian Railway,
the only place where it could not be guarded. Claiming it as proof of meddling, if not responsibility by the Japanese.
The death of Zhang, truly saw the chaos gripping China finally begin to have wider effects on the Empire as a whole. Although attempts at down playing the issues in China had managed to maintain investor trust initially, the incident in Manchuria marked a pivotal point. After it belief that the incident in China could be solved quickly and the already pressing shortages in raw resources could be quickly solved disappeared into the aether. Robbed of the vast majority of its steady supply of raw resources, the Japanese stock market entered free fall on the 28th of October, earning the day the nickname Black Monday. Government efforts at first averting and later dealing with the economic disaster at home can be seen as the likely reason behind the lackadaisical response in China. Still after initial stabilization and in an effort to restore public trust in the economy, the Ikeda cabinet reached a decision on China. The Japanese Empire would back the restoration of the Qing. More specifically, the Japanese government announced its support for the youngest half-brother of Puyi, the 45 year-old Puren, as the true ruler of Imperial China. Although Pujie had also been considered as the next Emperor, his lack of male heirs as well as being deemed too Japanized to be useful removed him from consideration. Due to the ongoing instability in the territory of the Qing Empire, the coronation of Puren, the Kangde Emperor, would take place in Shanghai. In a public performance in front of throngs of refugees as well as residents of Shanghai as well as broadcast across China, the Emperor proclaimed his will to liberate China, calling for all loyal subjects of the Qing to help him achieve it as well as support the Japanese. The Japanese had initially hoped to avoid direct intervention, however given that most of the Qing forces had either dispersed or defected, the Japanese would need to lead the first steps of the liberation until Qing forces could be reorganized.
Largely isolated from grand politics and having spent much of his time on matters of education,
Puren was seen as the perfect ruler that would allow the Japanese a greater measure of say into administration.
Barring a few diehards, the Japanese saw no intensive combat whilst establishing control in the initial stages. Many Republican forces had abandoned direct control of the provinces, going underground either after the coronation ceremony or right before the arrival of Japanese troops. Rather than remain hidden however, the guerillas began a campaign of resistance, both armed and civil, against the Japanese. Even in the city of Nanjing, Republican fighters simply merged back into the crowd and went about their daily lives emerging at night to take potshots at Japanese forces and sabotage their efforts through other means. Maintaining these double lives proved to be the perfect cover and meant that the guerillas were for the most part running circles around the Kenpeitai. Eluding the reconstituted Qing secret police forces that arrived with the new Qing army proved harder, but still possible for the right price. Despite Japanese declarations of victory, the campaign quickly ground to a halt as the locals turned on the Japanese forces. This gave the Republicans further inland time to deal with their true enemies, the Millennialists. Border skirmishes at the outbreak of the conflict between the two had broken into outright war. The well acclimatised and dug-in defenders proved a tough nut to crack, even with the overwhelming firepower advantages boasted by the Republican forces, and proved capable of pushing back and into the lines of the attacking forces. Despite the internal struggles between the Chinese factions, the Japanese would prove largely incapable of exploiting them. Instead Japanese attentions were focused on stabilizing what remained of the Qing Empire as well as further North. The power struggle in Manchuria had resulted in the victory of the Korean faction lead by Colonel Choi Hong Hi stirring up, who had called for an immediate ceasefire with the Republican forces as well as declared the foundation of the State of Goguryeo. The appearance of a nominally Korean state, one that was increasingly mounting pressure on Imperial borders and stirring up the Korean population in beyond the Yalu and Ussuri rivers, was deemed unacceptable and plans to solve the Manchurian issue were put into motion. Fearing invasion Japanese troops in the region, mostly militarized border guards, were also put on high alert until regulars from the Home Islands could be deployed.
Although not armed as well as regulars, the border guards were still thought to be
capable of blunting any invasion by Chinese forces.
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September
September 5 - The Sōka Jirō incident sees its most violent attack injuring 10 people as a time bomb explodes at Kyobashi Station on the Ginza Line.
September 15 - Following the evacuation of the Japanese embassy, as well as what remains of the Imperial Qing court, to Shanghai. Fengtien forces arrive in Beijing and come into direct conflict with Republican, Millennialist and rebellious Qing forces in the city and its outskirts.
September 19 - German paratroopers and marines, operating out of Malta and Djibouti, land at the Suez Canal Area in an attempt to gain control of the canal, but find themselves facing stiff resistance against 'unexpectedly' well armed militants.
September 21 - The German magazine Der Spiegel publishes an article proving links between the FVP leadership and the 'rogue' Heer officers that were prosecuted but acquitted for ordering the suppression of protests in Ukraine in 1956. Police occupation of the offices of the magazine adds fuel to existing anti-Suez protests as it is interpreted as quashing the story.
In addition to fuelling protests, both at home and across Mitteleuropa, the Spiegel report sparked rumours
about the involvement of other parties in the event. Many protestors even suggested that sabotaging the SDP
was seen as a toll for its inclusion into the coalition.
October
October 3 – Militants stage a violent coup in Honduras. The coup ends the decades long rule of Tiburcio Carías Andino and the leaders of the coup declare unification with Centroamerica. The military resists the calls for disarmament with elements calling for unification with the UPCA, triggering the brutal Honduran civil war
October 6 - Chairman Mosley attacks the AUSS in a speech at a secret meeting of the Congress of the Trade Unions condemning them of revisionism. He sets out a path for a new British foreign policy, setting him at odds with many, among them Americanophiles in his inner circle, who are subsequently purged.
October 23 - Adenauer announces his resignation as Chancellor, officially to provide a clean slate for an inquiry into the Spiegel affair, unofficially however due to being unable to fulfil the demand of the Kaiser to withdraw from the Suez following threats by the Arab Federation for an oil embargo.
October 28 – The already nervous Japanese stock market enters free fall as reports about the death of Zhang Xuelian as well as much of the Fengtien leadership confirm existing fears about the longevity of the Chinese Civil War.
Parading Centroamerican troops marching into Tegucigalpa shortly prior to the outbreak of the Civil War.
November
November 8 – Following a cabinet meeting, the Japanese government officially announces that it is officially intervening in China to support the restoration of Puren, the younger half-brother of Puyi.
November 9 – A coal mine explosion in Miike as well as a triple train crash in Yokohama kill a total of more than 619 people, earning the day the nickname Bloody Sunday.
November 24 - Following protests by the recently unemployed residents of Tokyo, workers that have seen wage cuts as well as violent action by student radicals. The Japanese cabinet announces the creation of the Tsukuba Science City, the massive construction project has gone in and out of cabinet in past years as a way of solving the overcrowding issue gripping Tokyo as well as curbing radicalism in universities, but has always been pushed back due to cost issues.
November 30 – Robert Menzies' Liberal Party is re-elected with an increased majority to an unprecedented eight term in office, defeating the Labor Party led by Arthur Calwell.
Lacking any real previous urbanization, the plans for Tsukuba ranged from futuristic to science fictional.
December
December 8 - Japanese forces operating out of Shanghai have managed to restore order to a significant chunk of the Qing Empire and begin to hand over control to newly formed/reformed Qing troops.
December 13 – Under pressure from the Japanese, looking to better exploit the abundant natural resources in Australia, the Australian government announces an effort to resettle willing Chinese refugees to Australia. The plan proves bitterly controversial and threatens to tear the Menzies cabinet apart.
December 22 – The British, Norwegian, Tunisian, Breton, Icelandic and Irish governments announce their withdrawal from the Atlantic Treaty Organization at a joint conference in Oslo. The conference also sees the declaration of the Oslo Pact, made up of the states at the meeting with the exception of Ireland, which returns to its position of neutrality.
December 26 – 'I Want to Hold Your Hand' and 'I Saw Her Standing There' by the The Beatles' are released in Mitteleuropa marking the beginning of Beatlemania on an international level.
For MITI Australia represented a magnificent treasure trove, already providing much of the
uranium for the Empire, the loss of China prompted a call to dig exploit the rest of the hoard.
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