Before the update I wanted to mention that I've added an index in the 1st post of this thread -- it's hidden as a "spoiler" so just hit the button and you can see it (I hate seeing on page 1 how successful someone has been -- I'd prefer to be surprised). I'll get to feedback for the last 2 commenters soon.
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In the aftermath of the 3rd Russo-Japanese War, a whole part of the Japanese Army was spent. Immediately, reacting to the urgent needs of the 3rd Sino-Japanese War. The armies in the north were evacuated from Russian lands, and separated into two groups – the regiments which were exhausted but still retained some combat capability, and those which would take many months to reconstitute. Even the first group would have to be sent into back areas to recuperate before they could be expected to fight again.
Meanwhile, Gen. Yoshida Oyama’s doomed army was like a rock, at Chengde, driving holes in the Chinese formations, killing nearly 1,500 of the enemy some days while losing only 17 men. But this rock was being deeply eroded by the waves of Chinese soldiers. But he hung on, with amazing resilience. Amazingly, two months later, the rock was still fighting.
Gen. Hiroshi Ichinohe was tasked with making a long-shot attempt to open up Mukden, which might be a stepping stone to somehow rescuing Oyama’s army. But the effort was mounted with what little strength was available at Chonchon and Port Arthur. His attack was successful, for what it was worth, but his force was fragile, and soon even his artillery units were under fire. He would need either reinforcements, or a strategic withdrawal, soon.
At Ninguta, Gen. Yasukata Okubo was also having success taking on a not-so-much larger Chinese army. All the advantages were for him… except for the staying power of his force, which was relatively weak. He was counting on the tremendous casualties inflicted upon the Chinese to balance out the organization of the opposing armies.
A small defeat was had at Qihar, and a small victory at Saghalian Oula. Gen. Goro Ichinohe soon faced another attack at Saghalian Oula, by a force three times his size, but again the killing machine went to work, and soon Chinese soldiers were falling left and right. During one week, Gen. Goro Ichinohe’s army managed a 100:1 kill ratio – 3,200 Chinese falling daily, at the cost of only 30 Japanese.
Meanwhile, the battles at Chengde and Mukden escalated – more troops from both sides arrived in the Mukden region, so that Hiroshi Ichinohe’s reinforced army of 60,000 was facing a Chinese army twice its size, and the numbers of beleaguered Oyama’s army were now drawing down to a 10:1 ratio (153,000 vs. 17,000). Nevertheless, his troops continued to hold, and to kill.
The battle at Ninguta was won by Okubo’s army, which killed 34,000 enemy soldiers for the loss of only 2,500 of his own (+6.7 Warscore). The province was nearly half secured for Japan, and it was hoped that Ninguta and Jilin would be the first Chinese provinces to fall (Jinzhou had fallen earlier, but had been retaken by the Chinese, which is partly why Oyama was cut off).
At the end of March, 1893, all hope was given up for Oyama when Gen. Gentaro Nire was ultimately defeated at Mukden. He had brought yet more reinforcements, and tried to turn the situation around. But it was all for naught – except for another 42,000 dead Chinese soldiers – and Oyama remained trapped.
What’s more, another force, led by Gen. Aritomo Tokugawa, was left in peril at Jinzhou, where he had been sent to try to open up another path of retreat, to preserve Oyama’s army. The enemy had drawn down to only 18,000 men there, and it was thought that a force of 16,000 led by a skilled tactician like Tokugawa might be able to redeem the situation there. But Tokugawa’s men were tired, and flagging. They might have to retreat north, if they could, and if they, themselves, weren’t also trapped.
Some Chinese, in April, had penetrated into Korea itself. But they posed no cause for excitement. Gen. Yoshida Arisugawa, defending Korea from the fortress at Kimchaek, was able to destroy a Chinese encroachment of 4,000 men in its entirety, in mid-April (+0.7 Warscore). And Gen. Hiroshi Ichinohe (having retreated from Mukden, turning his command over to Nire) led the defense at Chonchon. His troops were tired, and were forced to retreat, yet again, but not before contributing to the climactic mini-saga of the very end of April.
If victory is considered merely the holding of ground, then Japan saw 3 defeats in that final week, and only one victory. A battle at Port Arthur was lost, and there was little to commend that as acceptable. But at Chonchon, Hiroshi Ichinohe’s defeat cost the enemy 17,000 troops (a 23:1 loss ratio). Gen. Oyama’s final capitulation at Chengde was a bitter one, though not one that was unexpected. And, to be fair, his army had taken 67,000 of the enemy with them to their deaths.
But, that week, Goro Ichinohe’s stunning repeat victory at Saghalian Oula seemed to be the sweet that tempered the sourness of Oyama’s defeat. His second victory, there, cost only 2,000 Japanese soldiers, against nearly 60,000 Chinese (a 25:1 loss ratio), trapped and forced to surrender in the mountains, their usefulness lost to China forever (+11.4 Warscore).
China lost 145,000 troops in just the final week of April 1893 (not IN that week, but in battles concluding that week). These were numbers that could, eventually, bring her to heel, despite her overwhelming numerical superiority.
The next week, Gen. Nire employed his masterful vision for offensive strategy in a counterattack at Chonchon, which would soon evict the Chinese from Korea permanently (May 23, 14,000 Chinese losses vs. 1400 Japanese - +2.7 Warscore). And Japan intended to make up for the embarrassing loss at Chengde by opening up a second front. The bulk of the Chinese army, it was believed, was marching continuously north, to be caught in massive battles in Manchuria, and chewed up and spit out. Or ground down, at least.
The troops which had been recently freed up from Formosa were landed in Hong Kong and Waizau, in the far south, in the expectation that they would face slimmer opposition there. Further reinforcements from the Philippines, Formosa, and Japan itself were already en route.
It was against the backdrop of these events that China’s envoys appeared at the Emperor’s palace, asking for a cessation of hostilities. They were rudely rebuffed.
Gen. Nire followed up his victory at Chonchon with a 2-week campaign at Mukden, where he virtually destroyed two moderately-sized Chinese armies. Gen. Tokugawa was battling weak Chinese forces again at Port Arthur, which was still in Japanese hands. And Gen. Aritomo Saigo was attacked by a massive, but disorganized, Chinese force at Jilin.
Tokugawa defeated the Chinese at Port Arthur in late June, then advanced to Jinzhou. More Japanese armies had surged throughout Manchuria. Gen. Nire engaged a Chinese army at Jirim Chuulgan in mid-July. More Japanese landings were made in south China. Saigo, at Jilin, was killing 2,000 of the enemy every day, sometimes. Ninguta was secured on Aug. 1. It was as if suddenly, in the summer of 1893, the tide had entirely turned.
And so, when on August 10, the Chinese again approached the Imperial Palace, this time offering Formosa for peace, they were again sent home with a haughty answer.
Shortly after, Gens. Saigo and Kamio were forced to withdraw from Jilin because their armies were tired from fighting continuously reinforced masses of enemy troops, but though they left 170,000 of the enemy still in the field, there were another 72,000 who were already dead.
Gen. Nire, too, withdrew from Jirim Chuulgan after having killed 26,000 of the enemy (an almost 10:1 ratio). At the end of August, the attack at Jinzhou was also withdrawn, after a 3:1 kill ratio had been achieved.
But Gen. Goro Okubo won a significant victory at Qiqihar on September 1st, costing China nearly 30,000 soldiers (+5.3 Warscore).
And there were now Japanese troops investing 4 provinces of coastal southern China, and the appearance of a small number of responding Chinese armies in the surrounding provinces hardly signaled reason for doubt.
Japan remained confident.