Cry havoc, and let slip the haggises of war!! (1657)
Cry havoc, and let slip the haggises of war!! (1657)
March 1657 was unseasonably warm across Northern Europe. It was as if Summer had arrived early, with long days, piercing sunshine and clear blue skies. Perfect campaigning conditions.
Early in the month English garrisons along her borders with Scotland, in Cumbria and Northumberland, in North Africa, and in the New World, began to notice strange troop movements. New military camps seemed to spring up every few days. Deliveries of grain ceased. Scottish nobles hurriedly returned home. But the two neighbours had enjoyed almost three centuries of peace, and their two royal families had been entwined in marriage for generations. England’s Generals could not conceive of a conflict with their neighbour.
This security had encouraged England, since the 1640’s, to reduce her military budget. Maintenance of weapons and equipment had suffered.. Many regiments were at half or two-thirds strength. Such weakness would later seem unforgivable. But the key to England’s security had, for decades, been her alliance with Denmark – with her mighty navy, extensive holdings in the New World, and onward alliances on the continent. Denmark’s recent incorporation into the Scottish empire had left England alone and vulnerable. In vain she had looked for new allies, but none could be persuaded.
The warnings from border garrisons that had been ignored were all too real. The troop movements were the vanguard of a Scottish invasion. Twenty-four hours later England would be at war.
Home Front
In her homeland Scotland has assembled a force of over 70,000 troops, with almost 40,000 moving towards the English border. Scottish war plans centred around forcing a key battle in Cumbria, bringing the English armies to a decisive defeat, then advancing south in a rolling wave – with new reinforcements from Fife, Aberdeen and the Highlands refreshing the front line. England appeared to have around 38,000 troops on the border, with unknown reserves in the Midlands and South.
Northern Front
The second major arena for conflict lay to the north of Scotland’s extensive holdings in Nova Scotia, `where England’s early colonization in the new world, and conquest of the Iroquois, had kick-started her empire.
North of England’s provinces, Scottish troops were outnumbered by their enemy across the border – and were ordered to hold firm. Scotland intended to advance from the South, where her forces were stronger, across a wide front stretching from Manhattan Bay to the Great Lakes.
Incan Front
Scotland’s Generals were most confident of swift advances, and minimal opposition, across England’s extensive holdings in the former Incan empire. Over 30 provinces lay waiting, many of them rich in gold and coffee.
The High Command had quietly assembled a force of 20,000 Scottish troops, who outnumbered England’s small garrison forces by four or five to one.
A second wave of attacks, amphibious landings along the Northern coast, were also planned for early Summer.
North African Front
The smallest theatre of war lay in North Africa, where two isolated English provinces looked vulnerable. Even their brave General (and ageing rock star…) David Essex would find the fight difficult.
War Capability
Scotland’s reserves of manpower had been severely depleted by the rapid growth in her army during 1655 and 1656. On the eve of war they were below half strength [37,000 from 78,000] – although James XIII’s position as Holy Roman Emperor, and his ability to call on continental manpower, would help [+3,200 per month]..
Financially, Scotland appeared to be in a strong position, with large gold reserves [c 2900] to be called on for further recruitment of regiments – and a manageable deficit [-19 per month].
Scotland’s major weakness would be her inability to wage open naval warfare. Her number of armed ships, big or small, was a fraction of England’s. Scotland ran a huge risk that her overseas empire would not be able to communicate with the homeland for months, or potentially years. James XIII and his Generals hoped that Scotland’s allies would play a key role in protecting the sea lanes, and forcing decisive naval battles. In early March, after landing 15,000 troops in Lothian and Ayrshire to surprise the English, Scotland’s navy set sail for Andalucia – and safe harbour with Castille.
War!!
But the time for planning, strategising, and recruiting troops was over. Centuries of peace and co-operation had run their course. On 22nd March 1657 James XIII formally laid his claim on Karaman, declaring war. The next day, as Scottish war games had predicted, England pledged to defend her small Mediterranean ally. Scotland’s diplomacy paid huge dividends, as her three allies rallied to her side.
England and Scotland were at war.