We shall fight them on the beaches... (1477-1497)
We shall fight them on the beaches... (1477-1497)
In 1477 the new Scottish King, James V, sent his daughter south to the English court, with instructions to secure a royal marriage. She succeeded beyond his wildest dreams. Two weeks later Frederick I, the King of England, offered Scotland a full Alliance. Seizing the opportunity to secure Scotland's southern border James signed the treaty. England and Scotland would stand together against anyone who attempted to stand in their way. The court celebrated James' diplomatic coup. Unfortunately for James England and France went to war 3 days later......
Faced with two allies both requesting assistance James decided to honour his new obligations to England. The two nations watched nervously as French invasion fleets entered the Irish sea. In January 1478 the French army landed over 14,000 troops in Ayrshire, brushing aside a Scottish force of 2,000 that had rushed there from Lothian. The fate of Scotland swung in the balance.
But large English forces moving towards the Scottish border drew the French south. Scotlands capital survived, for now. For four and a half years French forces roamed around England and Scotland, but each fresh invasion was beaten back by combined English and Scottish counter-attacks. To James' shame Lothian, the Scottish capital, was held by the French for the winter of 1480.
On 15 April 1481 a new King, Henry I, came to the Scottish throne. Later that year Henry took the field at the head of an expanded Scottish army of 10,000 troops. A combined Scottish-English army annihilated a French force of 9,000 infantry and cavalry, finally forcing the French to agree to a white peace. The fighting had been bloody, and Scottish soil has temporarily fallen to enemy troops, but the lion rampant flew proudly after peace was declared.
Surveying the bloody battlefields, and his ravaged economy, Henry resolved to form further royal marriages and alliances - so that Scotland would have allies to counter the French threat.
By 1497 Henry had used his sons and daughters to form Royal Marriages with Denmark, Tyrone and Brittany. He had also sought to build relations with other continental powers, though with limited success. Poland, Bohemia, Lithuania and Yaroslavl responded well to his advances, nations nearer to France (and keen to avoid entanglement) were wary. The previous year Scotlands' strong Catholic faith had been rewarded when she had been elected as Papal Controller.
Henry noted the changing balance of power in Scandinavia, as first Sweden swallowed half of Norway, before Castille in turn began to dismember key Swedish territories. Such agression from Castille was an ill omen, she and Scotland remained close neighbours in the New World.
1497 was also a momentous year in the East. After decades of squabbling and rivalry Austria, Poland, Bohemia and Venice finally put aside their differences to launch a joint assault against the Ottoman Empire, who had been threatening to enter the heart of Europe.