Mikhail Tereshckenko (July 1936 - July 1937)
Mikhail Tereshckenko, born 1886, was born into a prominent family of factory owners and entrepreneurs in Imperial Russia. He studies in Kiev and in Leipzing and upon returning to Russia after 1905 became involved in politics. He never joined a party, but held liberal views that aligned with the philosophy of the Constitutional Democrats while at the same time he became close friends with
Nikolai Nekrasov and Alexander Kerensky.
During the Weltkreig he led the effort to organize Red Cross hospitals to treat wounded soldiers and civilians who made it back to St. Petersburg from the front. In 1916 Nicholas II appointed him to the Military-Industrial Committee where he proved to be an incredible administrator. He was active in the Provisional Government after the first 1917 Revolution, first serving as Minister of Finance and then as Foreign Minister. He was imprisoned by the Bolsheviks following the second Revolution but managed to escape and flee to Sweden. He attempted to organize a Swedish intervention into the Russian Civil War but failed and returned to Russia to join Kerensky in the later years of the war.
Tereshckenko stayed out of the spotlight during the Kerensky regime, but he met with Kerensky at least once a week to discuss politics and policy and was once of Kerensky’s closest advisers. When Chernov formed a provisional government in January of 1936 Tereshchenko joined him quickly, hoping that with Kerensky’s broad coalition gone the Government could now accomplish more. Unfortunately, he was removed from the Government on January 16th and replaced with his longtime friend
Nikolai Nekrasov in order to appease the Kadets.
Tereshckenko did not take the demotion personally and instead decided to make the most of his opportunity. He met with Nekrasov almost daily and begun to work with his long-time friend on building a Russian foreign policy that addressed the issues faced by the Republic. And these issues were many as the next few months proved.
In Central Asia the Alash Orda instituted policies that favored the Kazakhs and Turkmens over the Russians that live there. Nekrasov lodged an official complaint while Tereshchenko begun to work on the Central Asian issue. He believed that bringing stability to Central Asia should be a centerpiece of Russian foreign policy in the near future because otherwise the region may collapse into war between the Kazakhs, Turkmens, and other local nationalities.
Unfortunately for Tereshchenko the events in Central Asia were overshadowed by those in Japan where the country passed into the hands of a military council. A long-time enemy of Russia, Japan appeared to be more of an immediate threat and while Tereshchenko insisted that Central Asia was a more pressing issue Nekrasov chose to focus on Japan. In the end it wouldn’t matter because the rest of the Government had something else on their minds.
To Nekrasov’s and Tereshchenkos’ great disappointment when they attempted to present these issues to the Government they found that foreign policy was not a priority. Instead the Government was focused on debating the role of the Orthodox Church and the location of the Capital of the Republic. Tereshckenko decried these issues as a waste of time comparing the work of the Government to “making sure we have a cross hung up in the house while it burns down around us.”
Lucky for Tereshckenko events outside the country brought foreign policy back into the Government’s focus. An economic crisis struck Ukraine in November of 1936 and the Ukrainian government appeared to be on the brink of collapse. Chernov hastily ordered those parts of the Russian military that were combat ready to be relocated to the Ukrainian border to be used in the event of chaos in Ukraine. Nekrasov and Tereshchenko both believed that a collapse of the Ukrainian government would be an excellent opportunity to expand Russian influence in the near abroad.
At the same time the possibility of a military conflict in Ukraine brought to the forefront the issues surrounding Russia’s military. Large, disorganized, and underequipped it appeared to be in no shape to pose a serious challenge to any but the weakest of Russia’s neighbors. The solution presented by General
Denikin to President Chernov could be summed up as “keep doing what we are doing” and Denikin was promptly dismissed from his position as Chief of Staff and Chief of Army. He was replaced by
Sergey Markov who was entirely nonpolitical and proposed a strategy of rapid modernization and professionalization of the army.
The situation in Ukraine deteriorated over the course of the winter until finally in February the popular syndicalist leader Nikita Khrushchev was invited to head a new government. Tereshchenko strongly believed that radical socialism and Bolshevism must not be allowed to spread ever again and he traveled to Germany in the weeks following to negotiate a German response. Ukraine was expelled from the German alliance system and Germany gave its approval for Russia to intervene and remove Khrushchev from power.
Unfortunately, Russia never got the chance to make its move. Less than two months after taking power in Ukraine Khrushchev was removed from power because of the objections by the business community and a less radical government took his place. Germany withdrew its approval for Russian intervention, although Ukraine did not rejoin the German alliance system. Nevertheless, Tereshchenko’s and Nekrasov’s work in Central Asia, Japan, and Ukraine laid the foundation for a Russian foreign policy that advocated relentless promotion of Russian interests abroad coupled with an unshakable determination to confront radical socialism wherever possible.
Throughout this period Tereshchenko was not involved in Russian internal politics, but there were interesting development there regardless.
Catherine Breshkovsky and her allies Boris Savinkov and Maria Spiridonova continuously pressed Chernov to drop the Kadets from the governing coalition and to begin building the revolutionary socialist republic. Chernov constantly delayed the decision using the excuse that the coalition was needed to gather enough support to rule an unstable country. However, by April of 1937 the country was stable and the Government had gained full control. It was time to decide.
Chernov met with Breshkovsky at her apartment like they usually did. Over tea Catherine asked, “Is it finally time? Just say the word Viktor and I will get everything done.” Chernov shook his head, “It is time Catherine, time to put away our old tactics and solidify the gains the Republic has made. We are not fighting against a Tsarist regime anymore and we cannot rule using terror. Terror breaks things down, but it doesn’t help us build a future.” Catherine blinked and Chernov got to witness one of those rare times when she lost her temper, “Viktor, I don’t think you understand-” he cut her off before she could raise her voice higher, “No Catherine, I think you are the one who doesn’t understand. The time for Revolution is over, it is now time for Governing. And you will quietly step aside because I know your secret and I know that you would not want to be remembered as a-” Catherine’s face convulsed and her low voice trembled with fury, “I did what had to be done!” Chernov nodded, “And I am simply doing what has to be done now.”
Chernov reshuffled his Government the next day. Breshkovsky, Savinkov and Spiridonova were all gone.
Mikhail Smirnov finally got his assignment as Foreign Minister while
Tereshchenko moved to the Ministry of Finance. Another Kadet,
Vasily Maklakov joined them as Minister of Justice and Chernov’s long time friend and one of the founders of the SR party
Grigori Gershuni took over as Head of Intelligence. The new government got right down to work.
Tereshchenko eagerly got to work on the Russian economy. Having come from a background of factory owners and having managed the Russian economy during the war with Germany he had an appreciation for both the free market and the Government’s role in the economy. His policies provided a balance between the two, allowing the free market to work an almost every sector while keeping the Government involved in heavy industry, resource extraction, armament production and some others. His program of industrial expansion gave quick results as factories that stood abandoned were quickly put to work and he begun an ambitious program of industrial buildup the goal of which was to put Russia near the top of the world economies in four years.
Still, he is remembered primarily for his role in defining Russian foreign policy and handling the crisis in Ukraine, and many mistakenly believe that he was Foreign Minister during that time period. His tenure at the Ministry of Finance, while possibly more beneficial to Russia, was not nearly as prominent and he gradually faded from Russia’s political scene after April of 1937.
Some International Happenings:
1936-08-04 : 0:00 September 5, 1936 : United States of America went with Invite the military to step in to save the country in A Day In September.
1936-09-01 : 0:00 October 2, 1936 : United States of America went with Pass the act in Emergency Security Act.
1936-09-15 : 0:00 October 16, 1936 : United States of America went with Crackdown on both in The Crackdown.
1936-09-27 : 0:00 October 28, 1936 : United States of America went with Declare Martial Law in Country Wide Crackdown.
1936-10-04 : 0:00 November 5, 1936 : United States of America had Reed declares the workers state. The Rise of the CSA .
1936-10-06 : 0:00 November 7, 1936 : United States of America had Long Declares the United States a Dead Nation. The Rise of the AUS .
1936-10-06 : 0:00 November 7, 1936 : United States of America had California leaves the Union .
1936-10-09 : 0:00 November 10, 1936 : The people of Hawaii declared independence from United States of America.
1936-10-10 : 0:00 November 11, 1936 : Philippines had Independence in the Philippines .
1936-10-22 : 0:00 November 23, 1936 : United States of America went with Propose peace in MacArthur and the Pacific States of America.
1936-10-22 : 0:00 November 23, 1936 : Pacific States of America went with Accept peace and rejoin the Union in California Peace Talks.
1937-02-08 : 0:00 March 9, 1937 : Germany went with Arise ye workers! The SPD secures the majority in 1937 German Elections.
1937-02-10 : 0:00 March 11, 1937 : Germany went with The first catholic Reichskanzler! Zentrum - Heinrich Brüning in A new Reichskanzler .
1937-04-29 : 0:00 May 30, 1937 : Kingdom of Spain had CNT uprising! .
1937-05-19 : 0:00 June 20, 1937 : Kingdom of Spain had Carlist uprising! .