Wrong, that period you're thinking of is actually outside the scope of this game. 1836 to 1936. There's a great game called Victoria 2 that covers it, alot more interesting than EU4. You should check it out
No, no that's wrong. When gunpowder was incorporated in to warfare Europe (it started to play a major role as early as 1453 when The Ottomans used it in the siege of Constantinople) tactics started to develop rapidly. Over the next couple of centuries (especially starting around the mid 17th century) every major advancement in military, social, economic spheres came from Europe. In the 18th century Europe only pulled ahead of the rest of the world even harder in every way imaginable.
That's still happening today in Europe and places colonized by Europe like America and Australia. It's to a much lesser extent, with Russia and China more-or-less caught up and other countries not far behind, but even to this day Europe (and north America) are still ahead. Israel too, which is heavily westernized. I mean, particle acceleration isn't being studied in central Africa, is it? Most of your advanced electronics aren't being created by China or India. They might be being manufactured in China (in western factories) but not developed and created there.
These are just facts, the way the world is and has been for centuries. I'm sure if they'd had internet 2,000 years ago some Romans would be on here saying "yeah we did pull ahead of the rest of the known world somewhat, what with the intricate systems of sewers and aqueducts we build everywhere" and some tribesmen from Germany would be going NUH UH! NUH UH!