Rank and File
A Clerk’s War
Thursday 29th March to Saturday 31st March 1940
Supply is the big topic of conversation here in the Kanzlei, and I hate to think what it is like in the Armaments Ministry or, even worse, in the Air Ministry! You would not believe the number of people who claim to have been concerned all along about the road/rail links to the Spanish Front. We seem to have more logistics experts around here than clerks! When a research group completed design work for a new carriage and sights for our artillery, it was immediately put to work researching Supply Organisation: how to get more through-put using our existing infrastructure. Never mind that we have hundreds of thousands of labourers working on road works in more than twenty provinces, ignore the fact that we are world leaders in supply transport and that this research is two years ahead of anyone’s expectations! I hope it all pays off. Of course the unspoken question is: if we have such difficulties supplying one army with a few air units on the border with Spain, what will it be like with 3 or 4 Armeegruppes deep in the Soviet Union?
Little news from Spain overnight, and that little news was mainly bad. Our tactical bombers, based well back at Bordeaux, are able to maintain a steady bombing campaign, and the Stukas are doing their best. The FARE is still a threat, killing hundreds more men on the crowded roads and assembly areas of St Jean Pied de Port. Even more alarming, the Spanish strategic bombers are now targeting our roads and railways in Bayonne, increasing our supply problems.
Bayonne: Spanish “Whitley” strategic bombers are further restricting our supply network on the border by bombing roads, bridges and other communications links.
The cockpit of an I-16 forced to land in St Pierre Pied de Port. Our aviation experts are quite impressed, even though the aircraft is no match for our front line fighters. If the Soviets have these aircraft in such numbers they can afford to sell them to the Spanish, what more advanced models could they be working on now?
It did not take long for Christiansen to respond to this threat. Although out commanders under attack in St Jean Pied de Port were insisting that they needed fighter cover to stem the bloodshed caused by Spanish bombing, the bridges and railway yards of Bayonne are far more critical for our success. The “Whitleys” were no match for the Messerschmitts but the realisation that the FARE knew our weak point was a shock. My Minister, Fricke, who has responsibility for security outside the Reich, called for the number of agents and officers in south-west Frankreich to be doubled. No doubt French sympathisers are passing information over the border to the Spanish.
Supply difficulties or not, the drive into Spain could not wait. General Ott could not delay any more for von Manstein to reorganise 3rd leichte Panzer. He ordered 3.Infanterie (mot) to leave Irún and head into San Sebastián, forcing battle with General Beldarrain Olalde and his two divisions. While Herzog and Bieß claw their way into the Pyrenees, Ott’s objective is the River Ebro, the first significant defensive bulwark on the right flank of our advance. He hopes to reach and cross it before the Spanish can fortify the far side.
Battle of San Sebastián: General Ott no doubt hopes that von Manstein’s tanks are following him
Perhaps the Pyrenees will not be the barrier we feared. It took General Herzog only three days to batter his way through the mountain passes, chasing the Spanish to the Ebro. “El Campesino” has taken his cavalry to the hills of Tafalla, hoping to hold the river crossings. It will be hard for him, however, as now the Sturmpanzer IIs of 1st SP Artillery Brigade will be able to use their firepower to clear the way forward for the motorised infantry. Having lost 299 men in Pamplona, “El Campesino” may lose many more when the 15cm guns bombard his hastily prepared defensive positions. 36.Infanterie (mot) is at nearly full strength, having lost only 81 men in the snow of the high mountain passes.
Finally free of the narrow mountain passes that reduced its effectiveness, a Sturmpanzer II is checked before moving to the Ebro
Having lost many of their horses in the mountains of the Pyrenees, “El Campesino”s men head into the hills of Tafalla to continue the fight.
Herzog beat General Bieß by only an hour. General Vivancos has pulled 8a Division de Infanterie out of Hecho back further into the Pyrenees. Probably he hopes that he will be able to rally his men in the mountains of Argelés Gazost. The Bitburgers of 10.Infanterie (mot) had a tougher fight than their comrades in Pamplona, losing 110 men while inflicting 224 casualties on the defenders. Now General Rommel must decide whether to pursue Vivancos into the mountains or ignore him (and another cavalry unit deployed in the equally mountainous neighbouring province of Jaca), and drive across the Ebro into Tafalla. While the Spanish cavalry is not a serious threat, it may be dangerous to leave such a mobile force on an undefended flank, particularly when supply is so critical.
The Luftwaffe’s worries continued on the 30th, as General Bock von Wülfingen contacting his immediate superior, General von Leeb, commander of V Armeekorps to complain that 45.infanterie was under attack from Yugoslav bombers. Von Leeb of course lost no time in passing on this message to General Guderian at Balkan Army headquarters. Guderian, no admirer of Minister Göring, sent a blast to Berlin. To be fair, Waber’s 6th Jagdfliegerkorps were already in the air, heading to Valpovo. It took only minutes for “Udet” and “Pik As” to force 26 Takticki Bombarde to flee, and it is unlikely that von Wülfingen will be bothered again. Obviously 45.Infanterie feels isolated, operating as the only German unit north of the Sava, and General von Wülfingen is sensitive to any unexpected attack. I think, however, that all our army commanders are getting in the habit of blaming the Luftwaffe for any attack, rather than accepting that total command of the air is difficult to maintain across the whole of Europe. More Messerschmitts are in production, but we will never be able to prevent every attack.
While on the subject of production, our logistical genius, Chief of Staff Bayerlein, has already sent his road and rail gangs into the recently conquered border areas of Spain. He has obtained approval (and funding!) to improve the infrastructure of Irún, Pamplona and Hecho, and the work parties are already in action. He must have had his men just behind the combat troops, just waiting for the all clear. He is taking no chances: if our troops get slowed down and supply is blamed, he can point out that he has done everything possible. One factor Bayerlein is relying on is that the expertise acquired finishing the massive infrastructure projects in Poland will help speed up progress here. Whatever the outcome, better roads over the border will always be useful to control occupied Spain.
As we feared, the British are assisting the Spanish, but luckily at the moment the help provided is minimal. Somewhere in the Bay of Biscay are several Royal Navy aircraft carriers, and small bombing raids have been made on Irún. There are more than 50,000 troops banked up in Irún and they (and the thousands of vehicles) make easy targets. To their credit, 4th Jagdfliegerkorps were quick to teach the British a lesson, and more than half the bombers never made it back to their ship. The British cannot be accused of cowardice, however, and despite the horrific casualties, the bombers returned on the 31st to try to disrupt our columns of tanks and other vehicles. Although the various aircraft used (Gloster Gladiators, Fairey Albacores and Swordfish) are not really designed for operations against land formations, the bombs they drop are just as effective as any others. Unfortunately for the pilots, the aircraft are out-dated and easy prey to our Messerschmitts. After hearing how easy it is to destroy the carrier planes I am reminded of a quote apparently made by a young British pilot, Roald Dahl (the son of Norwegian parents):
“Those old Gladiators aren't made of stressed steel like a Hurricane or a Spit. They have taut canvas wings, covered with magnificently inflammable dope, and underneath there are hundreds of small thin sticks, the kind you put under the logs for kindling, only these are drier and thinner. If a clever man said, 'I am going to build a big thing that will burn better and quicker than anything else in the world,' and if he applied himself diligently to his task, he would probably finish up by building something very like a Gladiator.”
Our pilots were not content to simply fight the carrier planes over the land, they chased them far into the Bay of Biscay until forced to return because of lack of fuel.
Having outrun our Messerschmitts, a Fairey Albacore returns to its aircraft carrier, cruising in the Bay of Biscay. The pilot is one of the lucky ones, with more than half the aircraft used in the raids on Irún being shot down.
Some of the carrier planes were unable to breakthrough our fighters and return to their ships, and made for England. (They can be just made out in St Malo, still being pursued by the fighters of 4th Jagdfliegerkorps. As we have now come to expect, the Royal Air Force was quick to respond to the presence of our aircraft, but Klepke was just as quick to get "Geri" and "Freki" into the air.
At least the concentration of men and materiel in Irún should start to decrease, as General Ott (backed up by General de Angelis and his 16.Infanterie (mot)) has led 3.Infanterie (mot) to victory over Beldarrain Oldade and his mixed cavalry/infantry force. Ott lost 70 men while the Spanish were badly mauled, losing 581 men. The mobility of the our troops, backed up by the Sdkfz 231(8 Rad)s of 2nd Armoured Car Regiment, proved to be deadly to the slow moving Spanish units. A steady stream of vehicles is now pushing south, the opportunity of an unopposed crossing of the Ebro not to be missed.
Sdkfz 231s wait in the queue to move south, with a “traffic controller” seemingly unconcerned that he is in a war zone.
Far off in Yugoslavia, General Ruoff’s 2.Infanterie (mot) “Vorwärts” is using its own armoured car brigade, the 1st, to keep up the unrelenting pressure on the defenders. On the plains of Brcko, there is little to stop the Sdkfz 231s roaming at will. In the event that the Yugoslavs can mount a coherent defence for more than a few hours, Ruoff has 3rd Gebirgsjäger Division marching behind him, keen to show that it can fight just as well on the flat as in the mountains. One possible complication is that the Yugoslav General Nedeljovic has a motorised division (3 Konjicka Divizija) under his command, and this may give him some flexibility that the defenders have lacked to date. To make things a little tougher, there are reports of a few armoured vehicles attached to 3 Konijicka.
Battle of Brcko
In a small village in Brcko, a couple of Sdkfz 231s have a short rest before rejoining the drive to Beograd.
The vehicles of the “Vorwärts” mororised division will for once have to be alert: the presence of these T-32 Skoda tankettes (S-1D) could be a danger. The 37mm main gun is easily capable of piercing the maximum 15mm (front) steel armour of the Sdkfz 231 of 1st Armoured Car Regiment, let alone the vulnerable trucks of the infantry.
Just as I was leaving, late on Saturday evening, word came in of another battle in Yugoslavia, in Mostar. Köstring’s 13.Infanterie (mot) is once more in the thick of the fighting, up against General Glokovac, who has been able to rally 13 Hercegovacka Pesadji and replace some of his casualties. Even so, Köstring expects to have broken through his lines by Monday. The confidence of our commanders in the Balkans is almost perceptible: they obviously believe that the Yugoslav armed forces have been crushed and cannot regain sufficient organisation and leadership to prevent our men marching to the Greek border. Let us hope that the government in Beograd faces the inevitable and sues for peace before too many more soldiers are killed, on both sides.
Battle of Mostor: a foregone conclusion according to General Köstring
As it is the end of the month, normally we would have a Cabinet meeting. However, with so much going on, not many of the Ministers are able to attend so it has been deferred. (Air Minister Göring will be relieved: it gives him another 4 weeks to repair the damage done to his reputation by the unexpectedly adventurous FARE). A short update on the world position had been prepared and this has been circulated.
In Libya, both the Italians and the British seem to have had enough of fighting. Both sides have withdrawn from contact and there is no sign of aggressive action on either side. There may be supply issue for both sides – there are rumours the naval activity in the Mediterranean has been intense.
In East Africa, General Bianchi’s 26a Division are the almost the last Italians in the area, holding onto the port of Moqdishu. There is British force heading towards them, and as Bianchi’s unit comprises just two garrison brigades and a police regiment, its prospects are not good. The Ethiopians maintain control of their own teritiry, and it appears as though General Marinetti is still operating in the north of the country. It is not clear whether he still has men of his own, or if he has only Ethiopian units under his command.
The situation in China is dire, though the Japanese have stopped sending more men to the Soviet border. The damage has been done, however, and vast numbers of Nationalist, Communist and Guangxi Clique soldiers are swarming on the northern border, threatening to erupt into Manchuria.
Indo-China is even worse, with Hanoi securely held by the Guangxi Clique, and the Siamese forces slowly withdrawng south, under continuous attack. Few Japanese remain, and unless substantial reinforcements are sent soon, the whole of the country could be lost.
General Guderian has the Balkans well in hand. Good progress is being made along the whole front, although the north is slowing a little. Sarajevo should within days. Resistance is intermittent and brief.
Unternehmen Stiefkampf is also progressing well, with the breakout from the border moving smoothly. Supply is still a problem, as is the FARE, but both issues are being addressed and General Rommel hopes the next few days will see our motorised troops across the Ebro and into the northern plains of the Iberian Peninsula.
Bombing Summary
Luftwaffe
Pamplona: Sperrle with 1st Kampffliegerkorps (1 x Bf 109E4, 2 x Ju 88):
131
Hecho: Dörstling with 6th Kamppffliegerkoprs (1 x Bf 109E4, 2 x Ju 88):
128, 255, 275
Pamplona: Löhr with 2nd Schlachtfliegerkorps and 1st Kampffliegerkorps (1 x Bf 109E4, 2 x Ju 87B, 2 x Ju 88):
247, 288
Hecho: Kesselring with 1st Schlachtfliegerkorps (2 x Ju 87B):
75, 144
San Sebastián: Dörstling with 6th Kampffliegerkorps (1 x Bf 109E4, 2 x Ju 88):
88
Pamplona: Löhr with 2nd Schlachtfliegerkorps (2 x Ju 87B):
60
San Sebastián: Sperrle with 1st Kampffliegerkorps (1 x Bf 109E4, 2 x Ju 88):
249
Osijek: Schwartzkopff with 2nd and 4th Kampffliegerkorps (2 x Bf 109E4, 4 x Ju 88):
269, 164
San Sebastián: Dörstling with 1st and 6th Kampffliegerkorps (2 x Bf 109E4, 4 x Ju 88):
337, 107, 336, 163
San Sebastián: Löhr with 2nd Schlachtfliegerkorps (2 x Ju 87B):
91
Osijek: Schwartzkopff with 2nd Kampffliegerkorps (1 x Bf 109E4, 2 x Ju 88):
227
San Sebastian: Kesselring with 1st Schlachtfliegerkorps (2 x Ju 87B):
151
Brcko: Müller-Michiels with 5th Kampffliegerkorps (1 x Bf 109E4, 2 x Ju 88):
182
FARE
St Jean Pied de Port: Bayo Giraud with 4 x TAC:
109, 220, 109
RAF
Irún: Ludlow-Hewitt with 4th Carrier Air Group:
11
Irún: Cunningham with 6th CAG:
66
Although the carrier-based aircraft carry small bomb-loads, our troops are crowded onto the few roads and make easy targets.
U-boat activity report
Setubal Bay:
4 transports (UK): Bombay – Dover: Aßmann with 1st Unterseebootsflotte
South-East Porcupine Plain:
1 transport (UK): Plymouth – Accra: Fricke with 3rd U-flotte