Rank and File
A Clerk’s War
Thursday 29th to Saturday 31st May 1941
With casualties so high over the past few days so high, anything that even hinted at helping our ground troops was welcome. So there was a bit of fanfare for the announcement that our standard infantry rifle was to be the Gewehr 43. Upgrading has started but it will be an enormous task to produce and distribute so many weapons, and to organise training in use and maintenance. The next project, when completed, will not be so difficult to implement, as it is to develop new carriage and sights for our mobile anti-air guns.
New rifles stacked ready for a training class: a picture to be repeated thousands of times across Europe.
It was the Red Army that set the pace for Thursday with a predawn attack on Pervomays’k. Förster’s 7th Gebirgsjäger Division was roused to be told to prepare for an armoured attack. Russian tanks backed by motorised infantry had been detected heading their way. It will not be easy to hold off the 19,000 Russians if they press their attack hard: although Förster’s division has received supply deliveries, it is still 800 men short after recent fighting. It takes some time to get reinforcements to Österreich Army – they must pass through Yugoslavia, Romania and now occupied Russia.
Barely an hour later, at the northern edge of the Front, Kreß von Kressenstein started the process of closing the pocket of trapped Russian troops. It seems from his early messages that they had quite large stockpiles of ammunition – and Jurmala will be quite a task for a single division, even one led by the veteran general.
The rest of the morning was just routine work, punctuated by announcements of battles decided. Szczuczyin is ours, Zvenyhorodka is ours, Dubno has surrendered. It was like a background rhythm. Then a dose of reality: a severe defeat in Hlusza. General Ernakov’s reinforcements were too much for Schlörmer, even though he had help on the way. An attempt to seize Zhermerynka was repulsed, and Starokostantyniv was secured. A good morning’s work.
First report after lunch gave me a start, when I saw 3rd leichte Panzer mentioned. My brother Heinz was moving back into action. General Felber has overall command of his own infantry division and Harpe’s panzers and is to capture Radun’ from Lobachev’s 209 Motorizavannaya. The only other enemy are a few thousand HQ troops. Ordinarily it would be a walk-over, but the Memel River, the death of so many men in the past month, is again assisting the defenders. I told myself that Heinz would be safe sitting in his tank until the pontoon bridges are in place and a bridgehead cleared, but I can’t help worrying that he might decide to help out the pionieres.
Even after been through the nightmare of extricating his men from the swamps of Daugai once before, it seems Nehring has not been able to persuade von Manstein that the province is a death trap. General von Sodenstern has been told to take 60.Infanterie into the marshes and 1st Panzer is to assist. Vatutin now has three divisions ensconced in the nearly impenetrable terrain, all fully supplied. He has the Memel in front of him, and has had plenty of time to prepare his position. Nobody here thinks that we have a chance.
In Shepetivka 45.Infanterie must defeat nearly 80,000 men, but that seems far more likely than victory in Daugai. At least most of Kriuchenkin’s men are tired and hungry. General Warlimont may be able to hit them hard enough to break the last vestiges of self-control and start a panic stricken rush to the rear. If they don’t, it may turn into another battle of attrition.
Desperate to keep pushing towards Kyiv, Guderian authorised a night assault on Izyaslav, though we knew that the Red Army had 25,000 men in the area. General Dippold had 386.Infanterie as ready as it would ever be, but already there are warning signs: captured soldiers of 97 Strelkovaya are well armed and fresh. An early collapse seems unlikely.
For the second time in two days, the Red Army surprised us by launching a counter-attack. Again it was in the southern part of the Front, but this time it was von Förster in Vinnytsya. Stavka has provided General Remezov with four infantry divisions, all in relatively good condition, and 25.Infanteire is under heavy attack. Guderian and Balkans Army HQ are desperately looking for units to assist von Förster, but there is nothing nearby. (Perhaps understandably, von Förster did not file a battle map. In the circumstances, I will not lodge a formal complaint about poor administrative practices which would lead to a permanent notice on his file. We filing officers can be human. Maybe my compassion was affected by my earlier discovery that for some time the Heer has had two 14.Infanterie (mot) Divisions. A quiet alteration to the name of General Jodl’s unit (to 100.ID (mot) fixed that up).
An abortive attempt by the VVS to bomb Dietl’s Fallschirmjägers in Bauska gave Christiansen’spilots some target practice. Although still waiting for replacement aircraft, particularly for JG 10 “Wotan”, the Luftwaffe could still send 460 Messerschmitts to oppose Smuschkevich’s 275 fighters and 195 dive bombers. Dietl’s attack on Panevezys was not affected in any way.
General von Kluge has decided to become a little more active, probably becoming aware that comparisons are being made to the number of battles that von Manstien, Rommel and Guderian are controlling. To be fair to von Kluge, while he has not been so flamboyant, his casualty figures are a fraction of theirs. Regardless of that, General Brand is taking 3rd Gebrigsjäger north east into Katerynopil’. The defenders are one decent division (90 Strelkovaya) and one division that is still recovering from the battle of Chisinau (129 Strlekovaya). Does von Kluge believe that such attacks will distract reinforcements from Odessa?
Von Manstein is not the only army commander to think tanks can operate on boggy ground: though one would have thought Rommel would know better. Maybe he is unaware of conditions, or General von Hubicki is showing misplaced initiative. It doesn’t alter the fact that the Panzer IIs of 7th PzD are moving into Bereznica. The opposition is not as strong as at Daugai, and there is no river to cross, but it will still be tough. He has had immediate help from the Luftwaffe in the form of several mission flown by the Henschels of 4th Schlachtfliegerkorps, but even that has been costly. Hoffmann von Waldau reported that on the last flight his aircraft were caught by Kutakhov’s 54th, 47th and 39th IAD. We lost nearly 50 dive-bombers and the mission was nearly ineffectual. It could be some time before the unit can fly again.
If von Kluge is trying to draw reinforcements from Odessa, General Guderian and the Balkans Army are helping. By starting a night attack, General Herzog’s 36.Infanterie will tie up nearly 70,000 enemy troops in Novoakhanhel’s’k. Eight infantry and a tank division are in the province, presumably confident that their sheer numbers would protect them and allow them to receive much needed supplies. Herzog is not satisfied with just preventing them from resting: he wants to defeat them and intends to push hard to achieve that.
Battle of Novoarkhanhel’s’k
Focus moved back to Polen Army Sud as the month drew to an end. General Bremer is another of our commanders who has no fear of being outnumbered, even if by nearly four to one. 23.Infanterie is opposed in Styr by no less than five Soviet infantry divisions.
There was some more air activity, with Russian bombers killing 43 of Hännicke’s men in Alytus, most of them as they were trying to assemble a pontoon bridge to allow them to cross to Kaunas. Novikov’s planes will not return for a while: Klepke’s interceptors caught them on their flight home and the unescorted Ar-2s were east prey. As were Hoffman von Waldau’s Hs 129s over Bereznica, until 500 of our Messerschmitts arrived to teach Kutakhov’s MiG 1s a lesson. It was effective, but 4th Schlachtfliegerkorps is now down to 135 effective aircraft.
At 7AM General Kesselring advised OKW that Russian forces had reoccupied Alsunga. He had made a decision that he could not afford a division to hold the province. The occupying forces cannot escape and as soon as he can repel some attacks from the east he will detail units to mop up the pocket. Not long after von Manstein took the opportunity to call of the attack in Daugai: another 465 men dead for no real purpose.
General Petersen always has a purpose: to drive the enemy back until he is utterly destroyed. He drove 22.Infanterie (mot) through the wreckage of Dubno, chasing after the routed Red Army divisions. Now has caught up with nearly 90,000 of them in Równe. Determined to give them no rest, he ah ordered his trucks to keep advancing, mixing his Sturmpanzers with the infantry to allow continuous attacks. He promises that soon the Russians will be on the move again.
Maybe it is an omen of things to come, but the last battle of the month was another attack by the Russians. Having driven far north of the rest of the Balkans Army, Cochenhausen is every exposed in Zhashkiv. Under attack from the north and east, he has informed General Guderian he can hold out for some time, but that his supply lines could be under threat. Stavka has organised three attacks in the south in the past three days: could this be a sign of things to come?
Panevezys: Cherevichenko has given 33 Belorusskaya Strelkovaya, doubling his defence. At the same time, 1 Infanterie has joined 1st Fallschirmjäger, attacking from Siaulia. (72% complete)
Jurmala: no change, but 319 Strelkovaya has been provided as a reserve for Lavrinovich. (63% complete)
Seduva: von Wietersheim has managed a local breakthrough, but otherwise no change. (57% complete)
6th Kaunas: the lastest information is promising. Two more divisions have linked up with Strecker’s 86.Infanterie and Hänicke’s 56.Infanterie (31, and 72.Infanterie) and the capital is now under attack from four different directions. Karmarov is desperately awaiting the arrival of 160 Strelkovaya from his rear areas, but this is a second line unit that is still weakened by previous fighting. (77% complete)
Orany: General Gallenkamp and 87.Infanterie have crossed from Druskiennie to force Muzich to cover his flank. Von Salmuth has been told that 73.ID and 3rd PzD are on their way. General Muzich has been forced to bring 209 Motorizavannaya back to the front line, despite its lack of supply. He now has 7 Tankovaya in reserve, but this unit, like 209 Motor., was badly shaken by the defeat in Sopockinie and cannot be seen as a threat. (73% complete)
Radun’: the HQ troops have fled and Felber has broken through in at least one area. (42% complete)
Styr: Despite outnumbering Bremer’s 23.ID by five to one, Vishnevskij’s troops are reeling from the shock of the attack. (64% complete)
Janów Poleski: Even with the men of 14.ID attacking from Iwacewicze, Ott’s advance is slowing as the survivors of Drohicyn Poleski clog the roads. 317, 159 and 197 Kievskaya are marching east at full speed and the roadsides are covered with discarded equipment. The tens of thousands of defeated troops might offset the loss of 151 Strelkovaya which has been withdrawn, but they won’t affect the outcome of this battle. (75% complete)
Bereznica: 13 Tankovaya is moving into Propvalov’s rear areas, ready to move to the front if necessary. While von Hubicki has managed to encircle some of Soviet troops, progress is slow in the marshy terrain. (46% complete)
Równe: Petersen’s 10,000 men have shocked Lukin’s 80,000 Russians and the battle is a foregone conclusion. (92% complete)
Vinnytsa: Faced with a three pronged assault, von Förster has attempted to counter-attack. Unless he is helped soon, he will be forced to retreat. (67% complete)
Shepetivka: Warlimont has ordered 45.ID to assault the 80,000 Russians who stand between them and victory. Signs are the Russians are cracking. (71% complete)
Novoarkhanhel’s’k: While in von Kluge’s area of operations (and with the Österreich Army’s 7th SS Freiwilligen Gebrigsjäger Division moving to attack from Tal’ne) Guderian has claimed this as his battle. It is not really material as Herzog should finish of the 70,000 demoralised Soviets soon. (75% complete)
Zhashkiv: no change. (37% complete)
Izyaslav: Ony 227 Strelkovaya remains, hoping to allow the other units to escape. (61% complete)
Katerynopil’: 129 Strelkovaya has been forced to pull out, but 53 Strelkovaya is moving up as a reserve. Brand, however, has been told that 2nd leichte PzD is moving up to assist. (84% complete)
Odessa: no change. (61% complete)
Pervomays’k: no change (82% complete)
Finalised East Front Battles for the period 29th to 31st May 1941
Szczuczyn: 25/10,000: 75/9,559
Zvenyhorodka: 198/10,000: 249/15,628
Dubno: 53/11,922: 176/119,000
Hlusza: 992/19,958: 344/36,661
Starokostynantyniv: 84/9,995: 89/24,480
Daugai: 465/21,996: 132/26,929
Total Battle Casualties for 29th to 31st May 1941
German:
1,817
Russian:
1,065
Prior Battle Casualties
German: 104,600
Russian: 118,740
Total Battle Casualties to date
German: 1,817 + 104,600 =
106,417
Russian: 1,065 + 118,740 =
119,805
Bombing Summary
Luftwaffe
Zvenyhorodka: Schwartzkopff with 4th Kampffliegerkorps: 99 (99)
Janów Poleski: Sperrle with 1st Kampffliegerkorps: 218, 256, 385, 166 (1025)
Illintsi: Schwartzkopff with 4th Kampffliegerkorps: 234, 317, 163, 280, 322 (1316)
Daugai: Weise with 5th Schlachtfliegerkorps: 112, 189 (301)
Bereznica: Hoffmann von Waldau with 4th Kampffleigerkorps: 197, 107, 30, 33 (367)
Zhovten: Dörstling with 6th Kampffliegerkorps: 151, 225, 199, 88 (663)
VVS
Alytus: Novikov with 9th and 1st ShAD: 43 (43)
Total Bombing Casualties for 29th to 31st May 1941
German:
43
Russian:
3,771
Prior Bombing Casualties
German: 1,221
Russian: 79,236
Total Bombing Casualties to date
German: 43 + 1,221 =
1,264
Russian: 3,771 + 79,236 =
83,007
Total East Front Casualties for 29th to 31st May 1941
German: 1,817 + 43 =
1,860
Russian: 1,065 + 3,771 =
4,836
Prior East Front Casualties
German: 105,821
Russian: 197,976
Total East Front Casualties to date
German: 1,860 + 105,821 =
107,681
Russian: 4,836 + 197,976 =
202,812
Unterseebootsflotte Activity Report for May 1941
42 transports and 4 escorts sunk: all British. (Only one transport in the Mittelmeer).
Axis Military Situation Maps for end of May 1941
North Africa: British armour is trying to stem the tide on the east bank of the Suez Canal
Greece: No change.
China: Japanese troops have captured the important port of Qingdao, and are steadily moving south along the whole front.
Indo-China: supply is still the issue, and Guangxi attacks are slowly decreasing the size of the Japanese enclave.