Ok I made a research
Hochelaga - Montréal was about 6k at that time
Stadaconé - Québec was about 5k at that time
Shawinigan - Trois-Rivières was about 1,2k
Mégantic - Sorel was about 1 k
Ticonderoga - Chambly was about 900
Saguenay (Chicoutimi), Bas St-Laurent (Rimouski), Laurentia (St-Jérôme), Gaspésie (Gaspé) were all french catholics of about 500 people.
But you can add to these numbers that these were the cities numbers... the area contained likely twice as much population since it was a agricultural society... so all in all... every of these provinces should be cities... no colonies...
The rest was pretty much inhabited
The population should be growing a lot though... From 1650 to 1950, Québec was on a constant demographic boom with families of 15-20 all over the place... that's why we grew from a population of 60 000 at the Treaty of Paris (1763) to a 7 000 000 nation nowadays without any immigrants