Proposal for Religious change in Armenia, and bibliography
- Hello and welcome to what is the first in a series of posts to improve Armenia and its environs.
Before I get on with it, I'm aware that there are many ongoing debates as to the nature of the origins of Armenia, its peoples, and that its early history is quite cloudy. Because of that, if you feel I am misrepresenting something, lets talk about it. Furthermore, if you want to double check my work I'll keep an updated list of the more easily accessible sources at the end of this first post. Any name changes I propose will use the Latin alphabet phonetic system, with the modified Hubschmann-Meillet translation next to it in brackets.
1: Armenian religion
Armenian religion was neither Khaldic nor Zoroastrian. By the start date it has become its own complex thing, mixing Zoroastrian elements into the existing local polytheism, itself a mix of native, Near-Eastern, and increasing Hellenic elements. While Khaldic would have been fitting for the region centuries prior, the Armenian religion was already developing centuries before the game start as noted by Xenophon, together with the Armenian peoples themselves.
Proposal:
Change the name to Armenian. It should span a similar area to Khaldic in the current game. It should also spread a bit to Sophene, Commagene, and Armenia Minor. These areas will get their own in depth post later, though there certainly was an Armenian prescence in these region. Sacrifice button could be changed to a cow. (or back to pig)
Armenia should also start out as Armenian religion
Armenian religion was neither Khaldic nor Zoroastrian. By the start date it has become its own complex thing, mixing Zoroastrian elements into the existing local polytheism, itself a mix of native, Near-Eastern, and increasing Hellenic elements. While Khaldic would have been fitting for the region centuries prior, the Armenian religion was already developing centuries before the game start as noted by Xenophon, together with the Armenian peoples themselves.
Proposal:
Change the name to Armenian. It should span a similar area to Khaldic in the current game. It should also spread a bit to Sophene, Commagene, and Armenia Minor. These areas will get their own in depth post later, though there certainly was an Armenian prescence in these region. Sacrifice button could be changed to a cow. (or back to pig)
Armenia should also start out as Armenian religion
Deities:
Aramazd:
War deity, fourfold (Creator, father, thunder god, and ruler of heaven, earth and underworld.
Primary holy site: Ani-Kamakh (Ani-Kamax), important religious site and one of the royal necropoli of Armenia. Propose to create a separate province across from 7845 Tordan (T'ordan) as part of the larger Ekeghiats (Ekełeac') religious centre. Alternatively, place his holy site at 1570 Armaouira, to be renamed Armawir.
Omens: Passive: War Score reduction. Active: Ruler Popularity gain
Anahit:
Fertility deity, associated with cattle sacrifice.
Primary holy site: 1767 Eriza.
Proposed name change to: Erez (Erēz) Eriza is a much later Greek version of the name.
Omens: Passive: Character wage reduction. Active: Citizen output
Vahagn:
War deity. A solar deity also associated with thunder. Warrior god.
Primary holy site: 994 Ashtishat (Aštišat)
Omens: Passive: Reinforcement speed. Active: Morale recovery.
We beseech Vahagn the Dragon-Reaper with the flaming hair, to grant our warriors a measure of his bravery. Lend us your strength for for coming battles, so that our warriors may reign victorious on the field of battle.
Vahagn was the Armenian solar and warrior deity. He was the slayer of dragons, and known as the brave and of the firey locks. His main temple was at Ashtishat, an important temple-state. He was prayed to for courage, strength, valor, and his cult was second only to that of Aramazd himself.
Tir:
Culture deity. Scribe of Aramazd, dreaming, priests, psychopomp, temples with libraries attached to them.
Primary holy site: 1571 Artaxata (Artašat) founded halfway into the game by Artašes I.
Omens: Passive: Research points. Active: Religious happiness.
We beseech Tir, the scribe of the gods, he who records all knowledge and guides the dead, to grant us his wisdom and mercy. Oh wise Tir, please make note of those who passed in your endless library, so that they may be forever remembered.
Tir is the scribe of Aramazd, who records the names of the dead and guides them to the underworld. His library-temples are bastions of knowledge where the krum, the Armenian priestly class, is educated. His most important temple was the Erazamoyn at Artashat, where his priesthood interpreted the meaning of dreams.
Astghik (Astłik):
Fertility deity. The little star. Beauty. Often paired with Vahagn.
Primary holy site: If we place Vahagn at Ashtishat, 1560 Andzevatsik
Proposed name change to: Kangawar Andzevatsik (Anjewac'ik) is the name of the principality, Kangawar is the primary locale.
Omens: Passive: Primary Culture Happiness. Active: Unrest reduction
Nane (Nanē):
Fertility deity.
Primary holy site: 1768 Til (T'il)
Omens: Passive: Manpower Recovery. Active: Reduced War Exhaustion.
Barshamin (Baršamin):
War deity. Another thunder god!
Primary holy site: 7845 Tordan (T'ordan) As Anahit and Nane had their holy sites on opposite sides of the river, so did Barshamin and Aramazd.
Omens: Passive: Army morale. Active: Discipline
Mihr:
Economy OR Culture deity.
Primary holy site: 1762 Elegeia
Proposed name change to: Bagayarich (Bagayaṙič) Elegeia is a Greek name, Bagayarich is the town where Mihr had his primary cultic site.
Omens: Passive: Freemen output. Active: Mil tech investment boost.
Spandaramet:
Fertility OR Economic deity. Female earth deity. Associated with fruit, vines, burial, and fertility.
Primary holy site: None at game start.
Omens: Passive: Monthly food modifier. Active: Freeman happiness.
Tork-Anggh (Tork'-Angł):
Culture deity. Underworld deity
Primary holy site: 841 Arkathiokerta (Anggh)
Proposed name change to: Anggh, the current name is Greek.
Omens: Passive: Fort Defense. Active: Province loyalty
Aramazd:
War deity, fourfold (Creator, father, thunder god, and ruler of heaven, earth and underworld.
Primary holy site: Ani-Kamakh (Ani-Kamax), important religious site and one of the royal necropoli of Armenia. Propose to create a separate province across from 7845 Tordan (T'ordan) as part of the larger Ekeghiats (Ekełeac') religious centre. Alternatively, place his holy site at 1570 Armaouira, to be renamed Armawir.
Omens: Passive: War Score reduction. Active: Ruler Popularity gain
Anahit:
Fertility deity, associated with cattle sacrifice.
Primary holy site: 1767 Eriza.
Proposed name change to: Erez (Erēz) Eriza is a much later Greek version of the name.
Omens: Passive: Character wage reduction. Active: Citizen output
Vahagn:
War deity. A solar deity also associated with thunder. Warrior god.
Primary holy site: 994 Ashtishat (Aštišat)
Omens: Passive: Reinforcement speed. Active: Morale recovery.
We beseech Vahagn the Dragon-Reaper with the flaming hair, to grant our warriors a measure of his bravery. Lend us your strength for for coming battles, so that our warriors may reign victorious on the field of battle.
Vahagn was the Armenian solar and warrior deity. He was the slayer of dragons, and known as the brave and of the firey locks. His main temple was at Ashtishat, an important temple-state. He was prayed to for courage, strength, valor, and his cult was second only to that of Aramazd himself.
Tir:
Culture deity. Scribe of Aramazd, dreaming, priests, psychopomp, temples with libraries attached to them.
Primary holy site: 1571 Artaxata (Artašat) founded halfway into the game by Artašes I.
Omens: Passive: Research points. Active: Religious happiness.
We beseech Tir, the scribe of the gods, he who records all knowledge and guides the dead, to grant us his wisdom and mercy. Oh wise Tir, please make note of those who passed in your endless library, so that they may be forever remembered.
Tir is the scribe of Aramazd, who records the names of the dead and guides them to the underworld. His library-temples are bastions of knowledge where the krum, the Armenian priestly class, is educated. His most important temple was the Erazamoyn at Artashat, where his priesthood interpreted the meaning of dreams.
Astghik (Astłik):
Fertility deity. The little star. Beauty. Often paired with Vahagn.
Primary holy site: If we place Vahagn at Ashtishat, 1560 Andzevatsik
Proposed name change to: Kangawar Andzevatsik (Anjewac'ik) is the name of the principality, Kangawar is the primary locale.
Omens: Passive: Primary Culture Happiness. Active: Unrest reduction
Nane (Nanē):
Fertility deity.
Primary holy site: 1768 Til (T'il)
Omens: Passive: Manpower Recovery. Active: Reduced War Exhaustion.
Barshamin (Baršamin):
War deity. Another thunder god!
Primary holy site: 7845 Tordan (T'ordan) As Anahit and Nane had their holy sites on opposite sides of the river, so did Barshamin and Aramazd.
Omens: Passive: Army morale. Active: Discipline
Mihr:
Economy OR Culture deity.
Primary holy site: 1762 Elegeia
Proposed name change to: Bagayarich (Bagayaṙič) Elegeia is a Greek name, Bagayarich is the town where Mihr had his primary cultic site.
Omens: Passive: Freemen output. Active: Mil tech investment boost.
Spandaramet:
Fertility OR Economic deity. Female earth deity. Associated with fruit, vines, burial, and fertility.
Primary holy site: None at game start.
Omens: Passive: Monthly food modifier. Active: Freeman happiness.
Tork-Anggh (Tork'-Angł):
Culture deity. Underworld deity
Primary holy site: 841 Arkathiokerta (Anggh)
Proposed name change to: Anggh, the current name is Greek.
Omens: Passive: Fort Defense. Active: Province loyalty
While Commagene should not be independent yet at game start (Most likely date of independence is around 163 BCE, while its present Commagene should start with a pantheon of 4 deities which are unique to them. Due to the mixture of Hellenic, Iranian and Armenian in its pantheon I'd place it under Armenian religion as well. Culturally it should remain a mix of cultures, primarily Aramaic and Armenian, with some Macedonian, Cappadocian, Syrian, and Arabic pops spread about.
Zeus-Oromasdes (Culture), Apollo-Mithras (Economy), Herakles-Artagnes (War), and Kommagene (Fertility) are the four deities the hierothesion at Nemrud is dedicated to.
Zeus-Oromasdes (Culture), Apollo-Mithras (Economy), Herakles-Artagnes (War), and Kommagene (Fertility) are the four deities the hierothesion at Nemrud is dedicated to.
The setup I propose is Native name as the base, followed by alternative localisations. So that when its not owned by Latins or Hellenes it defaults to a native name as opposed to a foreign alternative unless there is one. Hence if I have not added the specific localisation of the base name since the base name doesn't require cultural localisation, only alternative localisation does. All names marked with Arm./Pers./Lat./Gk,/Iber./etc are all alternate localisations. All names without it are base names. If no new base name is provided it just proposes an extra alternative localisation.
Areas:
Armenia Superior - Latinised: Carenitis, Native: Karin
Syracene - Latinised: Siracene, Native: Shirak
Ayrarat - Latinised: Cotaea, Native: Eraskhandzor
Tarawn - Latinised: Bagrauandene, Native: Bagrewand
Vaspurakan - Latinised: Thospitis, Native: Rshtunik
Parskahayk - Latinised: Sigriane, Native: Shirakan
Parsatunik - Latinised: Basporeda, Native: Zarawand-Her
Soducene - Latinised: Mardianum, Native: Mardpatakan
Syunik - Latinised: Saunitis, Native: Siwnik
483 Artales - Remove and reuse, update pending.
846 Cyzima - Baghaghesh, Lat./Gk. Balaleseia
978 Taraichiya - Datuan, Lat./Gk. Dauduana
987 Zoroanda - Artemid, Lat./Gk. Artemita
988 Thospia - Van, Lat./Gk. Bouana
989 Nymphaeum - Moks, Lat./Gk. Mox
990 Elegoana - Archesh Lat./Gk. Arsesa
992 Balales Pass - Gzeghkh, Lat./Gk. Selgia
993 Calata - Khlat, Lat./Gk. Calata
995 Molchia - Ererin
996 Alouaka - Hadamakert
997 Kotordz - Kotor
998 Artemita Vaspurakan - Hayk
999 Hayk - Parz
1500 Chauon - Chodha, Arm. Her, Gk. Kapouta, Lat. Capouta
1501 Naxouana - Nakhchawan, Lat./Gk. Naxouana, Iber. Nakhchevani
1503 Salamas - Zarehawan, Lat./Gk. Zerouana
1505 Arziyayad tepe - Tamber
1507 Sormanabad tepe - Surenapat
1508 Balajuk tepe - Ayli
1509 Siraganon - Mari
1511 Qalatgah - Shno, Arm. Shnawh
1518 Kuh-i Chorblach - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1519 Qalat - Shirakan, Lat. Zeracane, Gk. Siraganon
1527 Yanik tepe - Khvarakan
1528 Morounda - Marand, Lat./Gk. Morunda
1529 Darman - Bakran
1530 Halaqu Qal'eh - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1531 Malejin - Gargar
1533 Qara Zia Eddin tepe - Marakan
1535 Qiz Chakhlu - Giwghik
1536 Khezerlu Qal'eh - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1537 Nuarsak - Shawarshan
1538 Sanora - Goghtn
1539 Gavur Qal'eh - Jughay
1540 Parakan - Ernjak
1541 Oghlu Qal'eh - Vrachunik
1542 Arxata - Kruakk
1543 Siah Qal'eh - Kosteank
1544 Catispi - Ugheoy
1545 Barun Qal'eh - Maku, Lat./Gk. Magustana.
1546 Shawarshan - Nersehapat
1547 Keshmesh - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1548 Sangar Qal'eh - Erind
1549 Teroua - Daroynk Maseatsotn, Gk. Teroua
1550 Verahram Qal'eh - Marawan
1551 Hajestan Qal'eh - Varazkert
1559 Aladagh Qal'eh - Nuarsak
1560 Andzevatsik - Kangawar
1561 Mardastan - But
1562 Isumbo - Tsumb, Lat./Gk. Tsumbo
1563 Acachia - Tutakh
1564 Colchion - Malkhas, Lat./Gk. Molchia?
1566 Didima - Tsirav
1567 Bagauna - Bagawan, Lat./Gk. Bagaouna
1568 Hariza - Zarehawan Tsoghkotn, Lat./Gk. Zarouana Bagrauandene
1569 Paracata - Tsoghakert Lat./Gk. Zolakerta,
1570 Armaouira - Armawir, Lat./Gk. Armaouira
1571 Artaxata - Artashat, Lat./Gk. Artaxata
1572 Doubios - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1573 Gornae - Garni, Lat./Gk. Gorniae, Iber. Garni
1575 Erebuni - Erevan
1576 Kainepolis Syracene - Artemid Shirakats, Lat./Gk. Artemita Siracene
1577 Motene - Nigatun
1579 Ashnak - Bagaran
1580 Katnakhpyur - Talin Lat./Gk. Thalina
1581 Lat./Gk. Orontoxata
1582 Ani - Eruandakert (Orontokerta)
1583 Dzhrapi - Ani, Lat./Gk. Anion Syracene, Iber. Anisi
1585 Shirakavan - Kumayri
1588 Kamo - Gegharkunik
1589 Atarbegian - Portak
1590 Dzhrarat - Kecharoyk
1591 Karchakhpyur - Parnakan
1592 Akunk - Tsawdk, Iber. Sodk
1605 Gezlu - Drakhtik
1606 Berdatekh - Hovk
1613 Shalat - Shaghat
1615 Balaberd - Baghaberd
1623 Arevik - Meghri
1668 Vayots Dzor - Hrasekaberd
1698 Sinara - Khaghtoyarich, Lat./Gk. Calteorissa
1736 Iber. Valaskerti
1747 Gymnias - Daroynk, Lat./Gk. Daranissa
1751 Barantea - Basean, Lat.Gk./ Phasiane. Iber. Basiani
1760 Sinoria - Baytberd, Lat./Gk. Baiberdon
1761 Charton - Khart, Gk. Kharton, Lat. Charton
1762 Elegeia - Remove and reuse, see this post.
1763 Darucinte - Ishkhandzor, Lat./Gk. Salmalassus
1764 Bizana - Bagayarich, Lat./Gk. Basgoidariza
1765 Ioustiaine - Surenashen
4037 Kitharizon - Kitarich, Gk. Kitharizon, Lat. Citharizum
Armenia Superior - Latinised: Carenitis, Native: Karin
Syracene - Latinised: Siracene, Native: Shirak
Ayrarat - Latinised: Cotaea, Native: Eraskhandzor
Tarawn - Latinised: Bagrauandene, Native: Bagrewand
Vaspurakan - Latinised: Thospitis, Native: Rshtunik
Parskahayk - Latinised: Sigriane, Native: Shirakan
Parsatunik - Latinised: Basporeda, Native: Zarawand-Her
Soducene - Latinised: Mardianum, Native: Mardpatakan
Syunik - Latinised: Saunitis, Native: Siwnik
483 Artales - Remove and reuse, update pending.
846 Cyzima - Baghaghesh, Lat./Gk. Balaleseia
978 Taraichiya - Datuan, Lat./Gk. Dauduana
987 Zoroanda - Artemid, Lat./Gk. Artemita
988 Thospia - Van, Lat./Gk. Bouana
989 Nymphaeum - Moks, Lat./Gk. Mox
990 Elegoana - Archesh Lat./Gk. Arsesa
992 Balales Pass - Gzeghkh, Lat./Gk. Selgia
993 Calata - Khlat, Lat./Gk. Calata
995 Molchia - Ererin
996 Alouaka - Hadamakert
997 Kotordz - Kotor
998 Artemita Vaspurakan - Hayk
999 Hayk - Parz
1500 Chauon - Chodha, Arm. Her, Gk. Kapouta, Lat. Capouta
1501 Naxouana - Nakhchawan, Lat./Gk. Naxouana, Iber. Nakhchevani
1503 Salamas - Zarehawan, Lat./Gk. Zerouana
1505 Arziyayad tepe - Tamber
1507 Sormanabad tepe - Surenapat
1508 Balajuk tepe - Ayli
1509 Siraganon - Mari
1511 Qalatgah - Shno, Arm. Shnawh
1518 Kuh-i Chorblach - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1519 Qalat - Shirakan, Lat. Zeracane, Gk. Siraganon
1527 Yanik tepe - Khvarakan
1528 Morounda - Marand, Lat./Gk. Morunda
1529 Darman - Bakran
1530 Halaqu Qal'eh - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1531 Malejin - Gargar
1533 Qara Zia Eddin tepe - Marakan
1535 Qiz Chakhlu - Giwghik
1536 Khezerlu Qal'eh - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1537 Nuarsak - Shawarshan
1538 Sanora - Goghtn
1539 Gavur Qal'eh - Jughay
1540 Parakan - Ernjak
1541 Oghlu Qal'eh - Vrachunik
1542 Arxata - Kruakk
1543 Siah Qal'eh - Kosteank
1544 Catispi - Ugheoy
1545 Barun Qal'eh - Maku, Lat./Gk. Magustana.
1546 Shawarshan - Nersehapat
1547 Keshmesh - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1548 Sangar Qal'eh - Erind
1549 Teroua - Daroynk Maseatsotn, Gk. Teroua
1550 Verahram Qal'eh - Marawan
1551 Hajestan Qal'eh - Varazkert
1559 Aladagh Qal'eh - Nuarsak
1560 Andzevatsik - Kangawar
1561 Mardastan - But
1562 Isumbo - Tsumb, Lat./Gk. Tsumbo
1563 Acachia - Tutakh
1564 Colchion - Malkhas, Lat./Gk. Molchia?
1566 Didima - Tsirav
1567 Bagauna - Bagawan, Lat./Gk. Bagaouna
1568 Hariza - Zarehawan Tsoghkotn, Lat./Gk. Zarouana Bagrauandene
1569 Paracata - Tsoghakert Lat./Gk. Zolakerta,
1570 Armaouira - Armawir, Lat./Gk. Armaouira
1571 Artaxata - Artashat, Lat./Gk. Artaxata
1572 Doubios - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1573 Gornae - Garni, Lat./Gk. Gorniae, Iber. Garni
1575 Erebuni - Erevan
1576 Kainepolis Syracene - Artemid Shirakats, Lat./Gk. Artemita Siracene
1577 Motene - Nigatun
1579 Ashnak - Bagaran
1580 Katnakhpyur - Talin Lat./Gk. Thalina
1581 Lat./Gk. Orontoxata
1582 Ani - Eruandakert (Orontokerta)
1583 Dzhrapi - Ani, Lat./Gk. Anion Syracene, Iber. Anisi
1585 Shirakavan - Kumayri
1588 Kamo - Gegharkunik
1589 Atarbegian - Portak
1590 Dzhrarat - Kecharoyk
1591 Karchakhpyur - Parnakan
1592 Akunk - Tsawdk, Iber. Sodk
1605 Gezlu - Drakhtik
1606 Berdatekh - Hovk
1613 Shalat - Shaghat
1615 Balaberd - Baghaberd
1623 Arevik - Meghri
1668 Vayots Dzor - Hrasekaberd
1698 Sinara - Khaghtoyarich, Lat./Gk. Calteorissa
1736 Iber. Valaskerti
1747 Gymnias - Daroynk, Lat./Gk. Daranissa
1751 Barantea - Basean, Lat.Gk./ Phasiane. Iber. Basiani
1760 Sinoria - Baytberd, Lat./Gk. Baiberdon
1761 Charton - Khart, Gk. Kharton, Lat. Charton
1762 Elegeia - Remove and reuse, see this post.
1763 Darucinte - Ishkhandzor, Lat./Gk. Salmalassus
1764 Bizana - Bagayarich, Lat./Gk. Basgoidariza
1765 Ioustiaine - Surenashen
4037 Kitharizon - Kitarich, Gk. Kitharizon, Lat. Citharizum
Areas:
Abasgoi - Latinised: Abasgai , Native: Apkhazeti
Bekhyria - Latinised: Chaldia, Native: Chaneti
Suaneti - Latinised: Suania, Native - Svaneti
Caucasian Iberia - Latinised: Iberia Interior, Native: Shida Kartli
Gogarene - Latinised: Gogarene, Native: Kvemo Kartli
Tayk - Latinised: Cholarzene, Native: Kgharjk
1586 Hokhmik - Abotsi, Arm. Ashots
1587 Vardbach – Erazgaworz
1610 Sary-tepe – Khunani, Arm. Khunarakert
1673 Iberian Gates – Kumlis-tsikhe, Lat./Gk. Cumania
1676 Metchistha-Harmozike – Mtskheta, Gk. Meskheta, Lat. Mescheta
1677 Algeti – Poga, Arm. Pogh, Lat./Gk. Pogas
1679 Kavtiskhevi - Zadrisi, Arm. Zadris
1680 Zalissa – Dzalisi, Lat./Gk. Zalissa
1681 Aragvispiri – Ananuri, Lat./Gk. Ananurion
1683 Aghaiani – Kaspi, Lat. Caspia, Gk. Kaspia, Arm. Koskh
1685 Uplistsikhe – Ateni
1689 Urbnisi – Gori
1690 Zghuderi – Tsromi
1691 Dedoplis - Urbnisi, Lat./Gk. Arbanissa
1694 Surium – Remove and resuse
1695 Borjomi – Durn
1696 Leukothea – Odzraqe, Arm. Odzrkhe
1697 Akhaltsikhe - Remove and reuse, see this post.
1699 Mzetamze – Tori, Arm. Tawr
1701 Goderdzi Pass - Qveli, Arm. Ghvelis-Tsikhe
1702 Javakheti - Tsunda, Arm. Kajatun
1703 Bori - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1704 Sarapanis - Shorapani, Lat./Gk. Sarapanis
1705 Skandis - Skanda, Lat./Gk. Skandeis
1706 Rhodopolis - Vardistsikhe, Lat./Gk. Rhodopolis, Arm. Rodiuwpawlis
1707 Kotais - Kutatisi, Lat. Kotais, Gk. Kytaia, Arm. Kota
1711 Telephis - Vani, Gk. Souris, Lat. Surium
1714 Onogouris - Igani, Lat./Gk. Siganeon
1715 Archaiopolis - Dzikhan-Kvidza, Iber. Tsikhe-Gudzi, Gk. Arkhaiopolis, Lat. Archaeopolis
1717 Chaladidi - Khobi
1720 Phasis, Arm. Pashd, maybe Iber. Poti
1722 Vashnari - Tolebi, Lat./Gk. Telephis
1723 Pichvnari - Ozurgeti
1724 Apasidam - Tsikhisdziri. Lat./Gk. Apasidam
1725 Bathys Limen, Lat. Bathys Portus
1726 Apsaros, Lat. Apsarus, Arm. Apsarunt
1727 Kissa, Lat. Cissa
1728 Morthoula - Borchka, Lat./Gk. Morthoula?
1729 Athenon Akron, Lat. Athenai, Arm. Atenas
1730 Rhizaion, Lat. Rhizus, Arm. Rizon
1731 Ophis, Lat. Ophius
1732 Hyssos, Lat. Hissus Portus
1735 Ergeta - Tsaishi
1737 Ziganne - Gyenos
1739 Tqvarcheli - Bedia
1738 Gyenos - Mokvi
1740 Tzibile - Tsebelda, Lat./Gk. Tzibile
1743 Pityous - Pityus
1746 Itkhvissi - Sairkhe, Lat./Gk. Sarake, with major border rework (see this post)
1748 Modinakhe - Tsikha, also with major border rework from above post.
1749 Brili - Gebi
1750 Klukhor Pass - Tsakhar
1752 Chorzene - Karutsberd, Iber. Kars, Lat./Gk. Chorsa
1753 Kola, Arm. Kogh
1754 Artahan - Huri, Arm. Hur
1755 Colit - Tsqarostavi
1756 Artanuji - Shatberdi, Arm. Shatberd
1757 Kaballa - Arsik
1758 Pharangion - Tukharisi, Arm. Tukhars
Abasgoi - Latinised: Abasgai , Native: Apkhazeti
Bekhyria - Latinised: Chaldia, Native: Chaneti
Suaneti - Latinised: Suania, Native - Svaneti
Caucasian Iberia - Latinised: Iberia Interior, Native: Shida Kartli
Gogarene - Latinised: Gogarene, Native: Kvemo Kartli
Tayk - Latinised: Cholarzene, Native: Kgharjk
1586 Hokhmik - Abotsi, Arm. Ashots
1587 Vardbach – Erazgaworz
1610 Sary-tepe – Khunani, Arm. Khunarakert
1673 Iberian Gates – Kumlis-tsikhe, Lat./Gk. Cumania
1676 Metchistha-Harmozike – Mtskheta, Gk. Meskheta, Lat. Mescheta
1677 Algeti – Poga, Arm. Pogh, Lat./Gk. Pogas
1679 Kavtiskhevi - Zadrisi, Arm. Zadris
1680 Zalissa – Dzalisi, Lat./Gk. Zalissa
1681 Aragvispiri – Ananuri, Lat./Gk. Ananurion
1683 Aghaiani – Kaspi, Lat. Caspia, Gk. Kaspia, Arm. Koskh
1685 Uplistsikhe – Ateni
1689 Urbnisi – Gori
1690 Zghuderi – Tsromi
1691 Dedoplis - Urbnisi, Lat./Gk. Arbanissa
1694 Surium – Remove and resuse
1695 Borjomi – Durn
1696 Leukothea – Odzraqe, Arm. Odzrkhe
1697 Akhaltsikhe - Remove and reuse, see this post.
1699 Mzetamze – Tori, Arm. Tawr
1701 Goderdzi Pass - Qveli, Arm. Ghvelis-Tsikhe
1702 Javakheti - Tsunda, Arm. Kajatun
1703 Bori - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1704 Sarapanis - Shorapani, Lat./Gk. Sarapanis
1705 Skandis - Skanda, Lat./Gk. Skandeis
1706 Rhodopolis - Vardistsikhe, Lat./Gk. Rhodopolis, Arm. Rodiuwpawlis
1707 Kotais - Kutatisi, Lat. Kotais, Gk. Kytaia, Arm. Kota
1711 Telephis - Vani, Gk. Souris, Lat. Surium
1714 Onogouris - Igani, Lat./Gk. Siganeon
1715 Archaiopolis - Dzikhan-Kvidza, Iber. Tsikhe-Gudzi, Gk. Arkhaiopolis, Lat. Archaeopolis
1717 Chaladidi - Khobi
1720 Phasis, Arm. Pashd, maybe Iber. Poti
1722 Vashnari - Tolebi, Lat./Gk. Telephis
1723 Pichvnari - Ozurgeti
1724 Apasidam - Tsikhisdziri. Lat./Gk. Apasidam
1725 Bathys Limen, Lat. Bathys Portus
1726 Apsaros, Lat. Apsarus, Arm. Apsarunt
1727 Kissa, Lat. Cissa
1728 Morthoula - Borchka, Lat./Gk. Morthoula?
1729 Athenon Akron, Lat. Athenai, Arm. Atenas
1730 Rhizaion, Lat. Rhizus, Arm. Rizon
1731 Ophis, Lat. Ophius
1732 Hyssos, Lat. Hissus Portus
1735 Ergeta - Tsaishi
1737 Ziganne - Gyenos
1739 Tqvarcheli - Bedia
1738 Gyenos - Mokvi
1740 Tzibile - Tsebelda, Lat./Gk. Tzibile
1743 Pityous - Pityus
1746 Itkhvissi - Sairkhe, Lat./Gk. Sarake, with major border rework (see this post)
1748 Modinakhe - Tsikha, also with major border rework from above post.
1749 Brili - Gebi
1750 Klukhor Pass - Tsakhar
1752 Chorzene - Karutsberd, Iber. Kars, Lat./Gk. Chorsa
1753 Kola, Arm. Kogh
1754 Artahan - Huri, Arm. Hur
1755 Colit - Tsqarostavi
1756 Artanuji - Shatberdi, Arm. Shatberd
1757 Kaballa - Arsik
1758 Pharangion - Tukharisi, Arm. Tukhars
Areas:
Caucasian Albania - Latinised: Albania, Native: Arran
Kahetia - Latinised: Cambycene, Native: Kambechan
Arran - Latinised: Otene, Native: Utik
Artshak - Latinised: Orchistene, Native: Artsakh
Paytankert - Latinised: Caspiane, Native: Kazpk
1584 Utidorsi - Yunan
1607 Idzhevan - Khaghkhagh, Lat./Gk. Xilala
1608 Berd - Tavush
1609 Kariglukh - Tsob
1611 Sagarejo – Sagarezho
1612 Tbilisi – Tpilisi, Lat./Gk. Philade, Arm. Tpkhis
1614 Sigan - Brnakot
1618 Mish - Alewan
1619 Dish - Arminan
1630 Langarkanan - Astarab
1631 Spandaran - Barzend
1632 Balanrot - Baghan
1633 Bagawan - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1634 Kamachia - Gardman
1635 Nyundi - Kandak
1636 Chabala - Kabalaka, Arm. Kabaghak, Lat. Cabalaca
1637 Mingechaur - Yashu-Khosh
1638 Warthan - Vardanakert
1639 Amaras - Goroz.
1640 Tigranakert - Zarisht
1641 Gumbati - Hornabudzi
1642 Absheron - Khursan
1643 Samukh – Khoranta
1644 Paytakaran - Geilar
1645 Shaki - Gewgaw
1646 Gardman - Dzakem
1647 Salyan - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1648 Ghizil-Agaj - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1649 Masalas - Bagawan, Lat./Gk. Bagouana
1650 Sisakan Inferior - Tsri
1651 Shahargah - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1652 Talish - Paytakaran
1654 Mochi - Daran
1655 Kaladasht - Kaghaberd
1656 Zakatala - Bakhalat, Lat./Gk. Bakhia
1657 Telavi – Kuel-daba
1658 Shilda - Alvani
1660 Cambysene – Remove and reuse, update pending.
1661 Arash - Partaw
1662 Lupenia - Lpnats Kaghak, Gk. Loubion Kome, Lat. Lupenia
1664 Arank - Shoghvaga
1665 Parsakank - Khandak
1666 Koght - Dzrvshtik
1667 Aghahechk - Agarak
1670 Partaw - Horekan
1671 Southwest Arran - Gish
1672 Southeast Arran - Baylakan
1678 Seusamora – Samgora
1687 Jhinvali - Remove and reuse, update pending.
5435 Kurus – Vezhini
7603 Derbent - Shapotran, Pers. Shabaran
Caucasian Albania - Latinised: Albania, Native: Arran
Kahetia - Latinised: Cambycene, Native: Kambechan
Arran - Latinised: Otene, Native: Utik
Artshak - Latinised: Orchistene, Native: Artsakh
Paytankert - Latinised: Caspiane, Native: Kazpk
1584 Utidorsi - Yunan
1607 Idzhevan - Khaghkhagh, Lat./Gk. Xilala
1608 Berd - Tavush
1609 Kariglukh - Tsob
1611 Sagarejo – Sagarezho
1612 Tbilisi – Tpilisi, Lat./Gk. Philade, Arm. Tpkhis
1614 Sigan - Brnakot
1618 Mish - Alewan
1619 Dish - Arminan
1630 Langarkanan - Astarab
1631 Spandaran - Barzend
1632 Balanrot - Baghan
1633 Bagawan - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1634 Kamachia - Gardman
1635 Nyundi - Kandak
1636 Chabala - Kabalaka, Arm. Kabaghak, Lat. Cabalaca
1637 Mingechaur - Yashu-Khosh
1638 Warthan - Vardanakert
1639 Amaras - Goroz.
1640 Tigranakert - Zarisht
1641 Gumbati - Hornabudzi
1642 Absheron - Khursan
1643 Samukh – Khoranta
1644 Paytakaran - Geilar
1645 Shaki - Gewgaw
1646 Gardman - Dzakem
1647 Salyan - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1648 Ghizil-Agaj - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1649 Masalas - Bagawan, Lat./Gk. Bagouana
1650 Sisakan Inferior - Tsri
1651 Shahargah - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1652 Talish - Paytakaran
1654 Mochi - Daran
1655 Kaladasht - Kaghaberd
1656 Zakatala - Bakhalat, Lat./Gk. Bakhia
1657 Telavi – Kuel-daba
1658 Shilda - Alvani
1660 Cambysene – Remove and reuse, update pending.
1661 Arash - Partaw
1662 Lupenia - Lpnats Kaghak, Gk. Loubion Kome, Lat. Lupenia
1664 Arank - Shoghvaga
1665 Parsakank - Khandak
1666 Koght - Dzrvshtik
1667 Aghahechk - Agarak
1670 Partaw - Horekan
1671 Southwest Arran - Gish
1672 Southeast Arran - Baylakan
1678 Seusamora – Samgora
1687 Jhinvali - Remove and reuse, update pending.
5435 Kurus – Vezhini
7603 Derbent - Shapotran, Pers. Shabaran
Areas:
Sophene - Latinised: Anzitene, Native: Andzit
Corduene - Latinised: Arzanene, Native: Aghdznik
Upper Mesopotamia - Latinised: Mygdonia
Assyria - Latinised: Calachene
Adiabene - Latinised: Arbelitis
818 Arm. Urha
819 Carrhae - Harran, Arm. Kharan, Gk. Karrhai, Lat. Carrhae
821 Arm. Rash Ayn
830 Arm. Mtsbin
831 Arm. Shngar
833 Arm. Pinik
834 Satalka - Tman
836 Samosata - Shamushat, Lat./Gk. Samosata
837 Tharsa - Tharse
839 Nymphaios - Arsham Nemrutotn, Gk. Arsameia pros to Nymphaios, Lat. Arsameia ad Nymphaeum
840 Arsameia - Arsham Gk. Arsameia pros to Euphrate. Lat. Arsameia ad Euphratem
841 Arkathiokerta - Anggh, Lat./Gk. Ingila
842 Tigranocerta - Kghimar, Lat./Gk. Chlomaron
843 Chlomaron - Arzan
845 Martyropolis - Nprkert, Lat./Gk. Maipherakta.
856 Sardeoua - Amid, Gk. Amida, Lat. Ad Tyrgem
857 Sitai - Remove and reuse, update pending.
858 Arsamosata - Horeberd, Lat. Charpert, Gk. Kharpert
859 Colchis - Arghni, Gk./Lat. Arsinia
860 Anzitene - Arshamashat. Lat./Gk. Arsamosata
862 Arm. Ninue
863 Arm. Bghat
870 Izala Mons - Remove and reuse, update pending.
877 Barsalion - Jermuk, Lat./Gk. Abarne
878 Arsinia - Remove and reuse, update pending.
884 Arrapha - Karkha de Beth Selok, Arm. Karkha
981 Kelonai - Hulwan, Lat./Gk. Chala
1578 - Orontes - Mahkard, Arm. Mahkert
1853 Sartona - Kiakka, Gk. Khiaka, Lat Chiaca
1855 Elegeia Sophene - Tmnis, Lat./Gk. Tomisa
1856 Anzita - Til, Lat./Gk. Tilion
1857 Chosomachon - Herapawlis, Lat./Gk. Hierapolis Sophene
1858 Lat. Dascusa
1866 Korne - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1867 Marqas - Arm. Marash, Gk. Germanikeia, Lat. Germanike city
1868 Tyba - Diba, Lat./Gk. Tyba
1869 Rhebaine - Urima, Arm. Urime, Lat./Gk. Ourima
Sophene - Latinised: Anzitene, Native: Andzit
Corduene - Latinised: Arzanene, Native: Aghdznik
Upper Mesopotamia - Latinised: Mygdonia
Assyria - Latinised: Calachene
Adiabene - Latinised: Arbelitis
818 Arm. Urha
819 Carrhae - Harran, Arm. Kharan, Gk. Karrhai, Lat. Carrhae
821 Arm. Rash Ayn
830 Arm. Mtsbin
831 Arm. Shngar
833 Arm. Pinik
834 Satalka - Tman
836 Samosata - Shamushat, Lat./Gk. Samosata
837 Tharsa - Tharse
839 Nymphaios - Arsham Nemrutotn, Gk. Arsameia pros to Nymphaios, Lat. Arsameia ad Nymphaeum
840 Arsameia - Arsham Gk. Arsameia pros to Euphrate. Lat. Arsameia ad Euphratem
841 Arkathiokerta - Anggh, Lat./Gk. Ingila
842 Tigranocerta - Kghimar, Lat./Gk. Chlomaron
843 Chlomaron - Arzan
845 Martyropolis - Nprkert, Lat./Gk. Maipherakta.
856 Sardeoua - Amid, Gk. Amida, Lat. Ad Tyrgem
857 Sitai - Remove and reuse, update pending.
858 Arsamosata - Horeberd, Lat. Charpert, Gk. Kharpert
859 Colchis - Arghni, Gk./Lat. Arsinia
860 Anzitene - Arshamashat. Lat./Gk. Arsamosata
862 Arm. Ninue
863 Arm. Bghat
870 Izala Mons - Remove and reuse, update pending.
877 Barsalion - Jermuk, Lat./Gk. Abarne
878 Arsinia - Remove and reuse, update pending.
884 Arrapha - Karkha de Beth Selok, Arm. Karkha
981 Kelonai - Hulwan, Lat./Gk. Chala
1578 - Orontes - Mahkard, Arm. Mahkert
1853 Sartona - Kiakka, Gk. Khiaka, Lat Chiaca
1855 Elegeia Sophene - Tmnis, Lat./Gk. Tomisa
1856 Anzita - Til, Lat./Gk. Tilion
1857 Chosomachon - Herapawlis, Lat./Gk. Hierapolis Sophene
1858 Lat. Dascusa
1866 Korne - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1867 Marqas - Arm. Marash, Gk. Germanikeia, Lat. Germanike city
1868 Tyba - Diba, Lat./Gk. Tyba
1869 Rhebaine - Urima, Arm. Urime, Lat./Gk. Ourima
Areas:
Armenia Maior - Latinised: Acilisene, Native, Ekegheats
Amenia Minor - Latinised: Armenia Minor, Native: Pokr Hayk
172 Arm. Komana Kapadovkioy
1766 Altintepe - Chermes, Lat./Gk. Tzoumina
1767 Eriza - Erez, Gk. Eriza, Lat. Eressus
1769 Salmalasso - Remove and reuse, see this post.
1770 Satala - Satagh, Lat./Gk. Satala
1771 Domana - Sinor, Lat./Gk. Sinora
1772 Longini Fossatom - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1773 Tzantzakon - Zigana
1778 Chorsabia - Kerchanis, Lat./Gk. Chorsabia
1779 Olotoedariza - Uleoberd, Lat./Gk. Oleoberda
1781 Koloneia - Aghadarits, Lat./Gk. Aladariza
1782 Megalossos - Dasteira, Arm. Dashtarak,, Lat./Gk. Nikopolis
1783 Anniaca - Koloneia, Arm. Koghonia, Lat. Colonia,
1787 Danae - Taularon
1789 Syderos - Hypsele
1790 Arm. Komana Pontosi
1796 Eusebeia - Mazaka, Arm. Mazhak, Gk. Eusebeia, Lat. Caesaraea
1799 Mazaka - Saccasena
1839 Sebastopolis - Karana, Lat./Gk. Sebastopolis
1843 Kamisa, Lat. Comassa
1844 Sebasteia - Sebaste
1847 Eudoixata - Godis, Lat./Gk. Gundusa
1850 Gundusa - Eudoxaita
1851 Euspena - Euspoina, Lat. Euspena
1854 Arm. Meltine
1861 Gk. Sozopetra
1994 Epesos
7845 Tordan - Ani-Kamakh, Gk. Anion, Lat. Anarium
Armenia Maior - Latinised: Acilisene, Native, Ekegheats
Amenia Minor - Latinised: Armenia Minor, Native: Pokr Hayk
172 Arm. Komana Kapadovkioy
1766 Altintepe - Chermes, Lat./Gk. Tzoumina
1767 Eriza - Erez, Gk. Eriza, Lat. Eressus
1769 Salmalasso - Remove and reuse, see this post.
1770 Satala - Satagh, Lat./Gk. Satala
1771 Domana - Sinor, Lat./Gk. Sinora
1772 Longini Fossatom - Remove and reuse, update pending.
1773 Tzantzakon - Zigana
1778 Chorsabia - Kerchanis, Lat./Gk. Chorsabia
1779 Olotoedariza - Uleoberd, Lat./Gk. Oleoberda
1781 Koloneia - Aghadarits, Lat./Gk. Aladariza
1782 Megalossos - Dasteira, Arm. Dashtarak,, Lat./Gk. Nikopolis
1783 Anniaca - Koloneia, Arm. Koghonia, Lat. Colonia,
1787 Danae - Taularon
1789 Syderos - Hypsele
1790 Arm. Komana Pontosi
1796 Eusebeia - Mazaka, Arm. Mazhak, Gk. Eusebeia, Lat. Caesaraea
1799 Mazaka - Saccasena
1839 Sebastopolis - Karana, Lat./Gk. Sebastopolis
1843 Kamisa, Lat. Comassa
1844 Sebasteia - Sebaste
1847 Eudoixata - Godis, Lat./Gk. Gundusa
1850 Gundusa - Eudoxaita
1851 Euspena - Euspoina, Lat. Euspena
1854 Arm. Meltine
1861 Gk. Sozopetra
1994 Epesos
7845 Tordan - Ani-Kamakh, Gk. Anion, Lat. Anarium
Areas:
Amardoi - Latinised: Amardia
Kadousioi - Latinised: Cadusia
Kossioi - Latinised: Cossia
1515 Arm. Gandzak
1521 Akra-rudh - Afraza, Lat./Gk. Phraaspa, Arm. Afrazha
1525 Gurqal'eh - Ujan
1526 Arm. Tawrezh
1555 Arm. Gish
1574 Kelishin Pass - Median Gates, Lat. Mediae Portae, Gk. Midiai Portai, Arm. Drunk Marats
1620 Aharawan - Ahar, Arm. Aharawan
1621 Arvandaj - Varzakan, Arm. Varzhakan
1622 Seqindel - Dizmar
1625 Kuh-i Bolach - Pichan
1626 Mishkinshahr - Bahlakan
1627 Arm. Artewet
Amardoi - Latinised: Amardia
Kadousioi - Latinised: Cadusia
Kossioi - Latinised: Cossia
1515 Arm. Gandzak
1521 Akra-rudh - Afraza, Lat./Gk. Phraaspa, Arm. Afrazha
1525 Gurqal'eh - Ujan
1526 Arm. Tawrezh
1555 Arm. Gish
1574 Kelishin Pass - Median Gates, Lat. Mediae Portae, Gk. Midiai Portai, Arm. Drunk Marats
1620 Aharawan - Ahar, Arm. Aharawan
1621 Arvandaj - Varzakan, Arm. Varzhakan
1622 Seqindel - Dizmar
1625 Kuh-i Bolach - Pichan
1626 Mishkinshahr - Bahlakan
1627 Arm. Artewet
789 Arm. Selewkia Pierean
790 Arm. Agawn Antiok'
794 Arm. Kiwros
797 Arm. Khalkis
807 Arm. Herawpawlis
810 Arm. Zewgma
811 Dolike - Dolikhe, Lat. Doliche
893 Samarra - Sumra, Gk. Soumra, Lat. Sumere
911 Arm. Mets Selewkia
955 Kar Tukulti Ninurta - Sinn
1734 Arm. Trapizon
1791 Ibora - Eupatoreia, Lat. Magnopolis, Arm. Ewpatoria
1792 Gk. Diospolis
1795 Arm. Kotiora
1798 Arm. Kerasunt
1806 Arm. Temiskiwra
1870 Amanian Gates, Lat. Amaniae Portae, Gk. Amanikai Pylai, Arm. Drunk' Kilikioy
1871 Syrian Gates, Lat. Syriae Portae, Gk. Syriai Pylai, Arm. Drunk Asorwots
1879 Arm. Egea
1880 Arm. Mopsuestia
1893 Arm. Ariaratia
5210 Bamni - Vardenis
5212 Ararat - Masik
7604 Chol, Arm. Chogh, Pers. Sul, Lat./Gk. Tzur
7737 Qarqar - Aramazd
790 Arm. Agawn Antiok'
794 Arm. Kiwros
797 Arm. Khalkis
807 Arm. Herawpawlis
810 Arm. Zewgma
811 Dolike - Dolikhe, Lat. Doliche
893 Samarra - Sumra, Gk. Soumra, Lat. Sumere
911 Arm. Mets Selewkia
955 Kar Tukulti Ninurta - Sinn
1734 Arm. Trapizon
1791 Ibora - Eupatoreia, Lat. Magnopolis, Arm. Ewpatoria
1792 Gk. Diospolis
1795 Arm. Kotiora
1798 Arm. Kerasunt
1806 Arm. Temiskiwra
1870 Amanian Gates, Lat. Amaniae Portae, Gk. Amanikai Pylai, Arm. Drunk' Kilikioy
1871 Syrian Gates, Lat. Syriae Portae, Gk. Syriai Pylai, Arm. Drunk Asorwots
1879 Arm. Egea
1880 Arm. Mopsuestia
1893 Arm. Ariaratia
5210 Bamni - Vardenis
5212 Ararat - Masik
7604 Chol, Arm. Chogh, Pers. Sul, Lat./Gk. Tzur
7737 Qarqar - Aramazd
Primary sources:
Secondary sources:
On Armenia (including Sophene, Commagene, and Lesser Armenia):
On Colchis and Iberia:
On Albania:
On Pontos and Cappadocia:
On the Luwian Lands (Caria to Cilicia):
Other:
- Anonymous, The Georgian Chronicle, trans. Bedrosian, R., 1991.
- Klaudios Ptolemaios, Geographia, esp. books 5, 6, and 7. (Not for the uninitiated, this work is very faulty.)
- Movses Xorenac'i, History of Armenia, trans. Thomson, R. W., 1978.
- Anasias of Širak, Ašxarhac'oyc', trans. Hewsen, R. H., 1992.
- Strabo, Geographica, book 11 and 12 primarily, but 13 and 14 are important too.
- Xenophon, Anabasis, books 3, 4, and 5 primarily
Secondary sources:
On Armenia (including Sophene, Commagene, and Lesser Armenia):
- Adontz, N., Armenia in the Period of Justinian (Lisbon, 1970).
- Bedoukian, P. Z., 'Coinage of the Armenian Kingdoms of Sophene and Commagene', Museam Notes (American Numismantic Society), 28 (1983), pp. 71-88.
- Brijder, H. A. G., et al, Nemrut Dağı: Recent Archaeological Research and Conservation Activities in the Tomb Sanctuary on Mount Nemrud (Boston, 2014).
- Diakonoff, I., The Pre-History of the Armenian People (1984, New York).
- Garsoïan, N., 'The Emergence of Armenia' in Hovannissian, R. G. (ed.) Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Volume 1, the Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century (2004, New York), pp. 37-62.
- Garsoïan, N., 'The Arškuni Dynasty' in Hovannissian, R. G., (ed.) Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Volume 1, the Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century (2004, New York), pp. 63-94.
- Hewsen, R. H., Armenia: A Historical Atlas (2001, Chicago) (This is probably one of the most important resource for most of what I'll do here!)
- Hewsen, R. H., 'The Geography of Armenia' in Hovannissian, R. G. (ed.) Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Volume 1, the Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century (2004, New York), pp. 1-18.
- Jones, A. H. M., The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces (Oxford, 1971).
- King, L. W., 'On the Origin of the Province of Kommagene', The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 33 (1913), pp. 356-359.
- Marchiak, M., Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West (2017, Leiden).
- Petrosyan, A., Problems of Armenian Prehistory: Myth, Language and History (Yerevan, 2015).
- Russell, J., 'The Formation of the Armenian Nation' in Hovannissian, R. G. (ed.) Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Volume 1, the Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century (2004, New York), pp. 19-36.
- Toumanoff, C., 'The Orontids of Armenia', Studies in Christian Caucasian History (Georgetown, 1963), pp. 277-354.
- Versluys, J. M., Visual Style and Construsting Identity in the Hellenistic World: Nemrud Dağ and Commagene under Antiochos I (2017, Cambridge).
On Colchis and Iberia:
- de Boer, J. G., 'Sinope and Colchis: colonisation, or a Greek population in 'poleis barbaron'?' in Tsetskhladze G. R., Avram, A., and Hargrave, J. (eds.) The Danubian Lands Between the Black, Aegean and Adriatic Seas: (7th Century BC-10th Century AD) (2015, Oxford), pp. 73-80.
- Braund, D., Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC-AD 562 (Oxford, 1994).
- Coene, F., The Caucasus - An Introduction (New York, 2009).
- Gabella, A., 'The Greek colonisation of Abkhazia in the light of new archaeological discoveries: the palaeogeographic, ecological and demograpgic situation in Sukhum Bay' in Tsetskhladze G. R., Avram, A., and Hargrave, J. (eds.) The Danubian Lands Between the Black, Aegean and Adriatic Seas: (7th Century BC-10th Century AD) (2015, Oxford), pp. 101-104.
- Kacharava, D., 'Archaeology in Georgia 1980-1990 (Post-Prehistoric to Pre-Mediaeval)', Archaeological Reports (1991) Vol 37, pp. 79-86.
- Knauß, F., 'Caucasus' in Briant. P., and Boucharlat, R., L' archéologie de l'empire achéménide: nouvelles recherches; actes du colloque organisé au Collège de France par le Reseau International d'Études et de Recherches Achéménides (Paris, 2005), pp. 197-220.
- Lordkipanidze, O., 'Vani: An Ancient City of Colchis' Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies (1991) Vol. 32, pp. 151-196.
- Lüning, A. P., 'Lesale, an unknown centre in western Colchis' in Tsetskhladze G. R., Avram, A., and Hargrave, J. (eds.) The Danubian Lands Between the Black, Aegean and Adriatic Seas: (7th Century BC-10th Century AD) (2015, Oxford), pp. 437-440.
- Makharadze. G., and Saginashvili, M., 'An Achaemenian Glass Bowl from Sarikhe, Georgia' Journal of Glass Studies (1999), Vol 41, pp. 11-17.
- Odisheli, M., 'Ancient Georgia at the Turn of the Eras and Khaishi 'Treasure'', Iberia-Colchis (2014) Vol 10, pp. 186-196.
- Rayfield, D., Edge of Empires, A History of Georgia (2012, London).
- Tsetskhladze, G. R., 'Ancient West and East: Mtskheta, Capital of Caucasian Iberia', Mediterranean Archaeology (2006/7), Vol 19/20, pp. 75-107.
- Tsetskhladze, G. R., 'Greeks, locals and others around the Black Sea and its hinterland: recent developments' in Tsetskhladze G. R., Avram, A., and Hargrave, J. (eds.) The Danubian Lands Between the Black, Aegean and Adriatic Seas: (7th Century BC-10th Century AD) (2015, Oxford), pp. 11-42.
On Albania:
- Gadjiev, M. S. 'The Mission of Bishop Israyēl in the Context of the Historical Geography of Caucasian Albania' in Hoyland, R. G. (ed.) From Albania to Arrān: The East Caucasus between Antiquity and Medieval Islam (c. 300 BCE-1000 CE) (2020, Piscataway), pp. 99-117.
- Hewsen, R. H., 'On the Location of the Lupenians', Aca Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae (1997), Vol 50, pp. 111-116.
- Mouraviev, S., 'La population de la Caucasie centrale selon Pline l'Ancien', Geographia Antiqua (1996) Vol 5, pp. 45-52.
- Schulze, W., 'Caucasian Albanian and the Question of Language and Ethnicity' in Mumm, P. (ed.) Sprachen, Völker und Phantome: Sprach- und kulturwissenschaftliche Studien zur Ethnizität (2018, Berlin), pp. 275-312.
- Schulze, W., 'From Caucasian Albanian to Udi', Iran and the Caucasus, Vol 19/2, 2015, pp. 149-177.
- Traina, G., 'Roman Representations of Caucasian Albania' in Alikberov, A. K., Gadjiev, M. S. (eds.) Albania Caucasica I (2015, Moscow), pp. 42-47.
On Pontos and Cappadocia:
- Bennet, J., 'The Origins and Early History of the Pontic-Cappadocian Frontier: In Memoriam Charles Manser Daniels (10 August 1932-1 September 1996)' Anatolian Studies (2006) Vol. 56, pp. 77-93.
- Dmitriev, S. 'Observations on the Historical Geography of Roman Lycaonia', Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies (2006), Vol 41, pp. 349-375.
- Lindsay, H., Amasaya and Strabo's patria in Pontus', in Dueck, D. (ed.), Strabo's Cultural Geography, The Making of a Kolossourgia (2005, Cambridge), pp. 180-199.
- Olbrycht, M. J., 'Iranians in the Diadochi Period', in Troncoso, V. A. and Anson, E. M., After Alexander: The Time of the Diadochi (323-281 BC), pp. 159-182.
- Panichi, S., 'Cappadocia through Strabo's eyes', in Dueck, D. (ed.) Strabo's Cultural Geography, The Making of a Kolossourgia (2005, Cambridge), pp. 200-215.
- Roller, D. W., Empire of the Black Sea: The Rise and Fall of the Mithradatic World (Oxford 2020).
On the Luwian Lands (Caria to Cilicia):
- Broughton, T. R. S., 'Some Notes of the War with the Homonadeis' The American Journal of Philology (1933) Vol 54, pp. 134-144.
- Bryce, T. R., 'Chapter Three: History: C: The Luwians in their Iron Age Context' in Melchert, H. C. (ed.) The Luwians (Leiden, 2003), pp. 93-124.
- Chaniotis, A., 'New evidence from Aphrodisias concerning the Rhodian occupation of Karia in the early history of Aphrodisias' in van Bremen, R., and Carbon, J. (eds.) Hellenistic Caria: Proceedings of the First International Conferance on Hellenistic Caria, Oxford, 29-June-2 July 2006. (Pessac, 2010), pp. 456-466.
- Hall, A. S., 'The Gorgoromeis' Anatolian Studies (1971) Vol 21, pp. 125-166.
- Hall, A. S., 'R.E.C.A.M. Notes and Studies No. 9: The Milyadeis and Their Territory' Anatolian Studies (1986) Vol. 36, pp. 137-157.
- Herda, A., 'Greek (and our) Views on the Karians' in Mouton, A., Rutherford, I., and Yakubovich, I. (eds.) Luwian Identities: Culture, Language and Religion Between Anatolia and the Aegean (Leiden, 2013), pp. 421-508.
- Hutter, M., 'Chapter Six: Aspects of Luwian Religion' in Melchert, H. C. (ed.) The Luwians (Leiden, 2003), pp. 211-277.
- LaBuff, J., Polis Expansion and Elite Power in Hellenistic Karia (Lanham, 2016).
- Piras, D., 'Who were the Karians in Hellenistic times? Evidence from epichoric language and personal names' in van Bremen, R., and Carbon, J. (eds.) Hellenistic Caria: Proceedings of the First International Conferance on Hellenistic Caria, Oxford, 29-June-2 July 2006. (Pessac, 2010), pp. 217-233.
- Ramsay, W. M., 'Res Anatolicae: Oranda: Ager Oroandicus: Tractus Oroandicus. A. -C.', Klio (1929) Vol 22, pp. 375-383.
- Ratté, C., 'New research on the region around Aphrodisias' in van Bremen, R., and Carbon, J. (eds.) Hellenistic Caria: Proceedings of the First International Conferance on Hellenistic Caria, Oxford, 29-June-2 July 2006. (Pessac, 2010), pp. 253-267.
- Reger, G., 'Mylasa and its territory' in van Bremen, R., and Carbon, J. (eds.) Hellenistic Caria: Proceedings of the First International Conferance on Hellenistic Caria, Oxford, 29-June-2 July 2006. (Pessac, 2010), pp. 43-57.
- Schuler, C., 'Sympolitien im Lykien und Karien' in van Bremen, R., and Carbon, J. (eds.) Hellenistic Caria: Proceedings of the First International Conferance on Hellenistic Caria, Oxford, 29-June-2 July 2006. (Pessac, 2010), pp. 393-413.
- Shaw, B. D, 'Bandit Highlands and Lowland Peace: The Mountains of Isauria-Cilicia' Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient (1990) Vol 33, pp. 199-233.
- Shaw, B. D, 'Bandit Highlands and Lowland Peace: The Mountains of Isauria-Cilicia (Continued)' Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient (1990) Vol 33, pp. 237-270.
- Unwin, N. C., Caria and Crete in Antiquity: Cultural Interaction between Anatolia and the Aegean (Cambridge, 2017)
Other:
- Bregel, Y. Historical Atlas of Central Asia (Leiden, 2003).
- Canepa, M. P., The Iranian Expanse: Transforming Royal Identity through Architecture, Landscape, and Built Environment, 550 BCE-642 CE (2018, Oakland).
- Comfort, A. M., Roads on the frontier between Rome and Persia: Euphratesia, Osrhoene and Mesopotamia from AD 363 to 602 (2009) PhD thesis, University of Exeter.
- Dusinberre, E. R. M., Empire, Authority, and Autonomy in Achaemenid Anatolia (Cambridge, 2013).
- Gershevitch, I., The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 2, The Median and Achaemenian Periods (1985, Cambridge).
- Hansen, M. H. and Nielsen, T. H. et al, An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis (Oxford, 2004).
- Henkelman, W. F. M., 'Of Tapytoi and Tablets, States and Tribes: The Historical Geography of Pastoralism in the Achaemenid Heartland in Greek and Elamite Sources' Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies (2011), Vol 54, pp. 1-16.
- Intagliata, E. E., 'Rome and the Tzani in late antiquity: a historical and archaeological review' Anatolian Studies (2018), Vol 68, pp. 131-150.
- Jones, A. H. M, The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces (1971, Oxford).
- Levick, B., 'In Phrygian mode: a region seen from without', in Thonemann, P. (ed.), Roman Phrygia, Culture and Society (Cambridge, 2013), pp. 41-54.
- Magie, D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor to the End of the Third Century After Christ, Volume 1: Text (1950, Princeton).
- Magie, D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor to the End of the Third Century After Christ, Volume 2: Notes (1950, Princeton).
- Matthews, R., and Glatz, C. 'People and Place in Paphlagonia: Trends and Patterns in Settlement through Time' in Matthews, R., and Glatz, C. (eds.) At Empires' Edge: Project Paphlagonia: Regional Survey in North-Central Turkey (London, 2009), pp. 239-249.
- van de Mieroop, M., A History of the Ancient Near East, c. 3000-323 BC (Chichester, 2016).
- Morony, M. G., 'Continuity and Change in the Administrative Geography of the Late Sasanian and Early Islamic al-'Iraq', Iran (1982), Vol 20, pp. 1-49.
- Potts, D. T. Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era (2014, Oxford).
- Potts, D. T. 'Camel Hybridization and the Role of Camelus bactrianus in the Ancient Near East' Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient (2004) Vol. 47, pp. 143-165.
- Ramsay, W. M., 'Antiquities of Southern Phrygia and the Border Lands (III)' The American Journal of Archaeology and the History of the Fine Arts (1888), Vol 4, pp. 263-283.
- Roller, D. W., The Geography of Strabo, an English Translation, with Introduction and Notes (Cambridge, 2020).
- Shaked, S. 'De Khumli à Nikhšapaya : les données des nouveux documents araméens de Bactres sur la toponymie de la région (IVe siècke av. n. è.)' Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (2003) Vol. 147. pp. 1517-1535.
- Thonemann, P., The Meander Valley, A Historical Geography from Antiquity to Byzantium (Cambridge, 2011).
- Thonemann, P., 'Phrygia: an anarchist history, 950 BC-AD 100' in Thonemann, P. (ed.), Roman Phrygia, Culture and Society (Cambridge, 2013), pp. 1-40.
- Yarshater, E., The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanid Periods, Part 1 (1983, Cambridge).
- Yarshater, E., The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanid Periods, Part 2 (1983, Cambridge).
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