Chapter Forty-Two: We Want to Break Free
(August 1944)
Allied troops on the advance in Indochina, August 1944.
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1-14 August: Snakes and Ladders
The short-range inter-war fighters and CAS that had been sent east and and the redeployed back to Urumqi in July were sent all the way back to Poland at the start of the month: they were performing no useful function and would only draw supplies best used elsewhere if made active in China.
And the supply shortages at the front after recent advances were still causing problems, with the new rail works program elevated in priority, to really kick in once both the new civilian factories were finished by mid-month. The new military factory was sent ‘below the line’.
In Indochina, 1 August saw another MAB general offensive being conducted along the front. East Tonkin in particular was still getting a hard time of it, so the best recovered of the five resting Polish divisions was sent back up to support the Allied defence, which was being led by a Nationalist Chinese division under UK command.
In Western China, east Gannan had been under heavy attack, with the one South African and three Polish divisions defending it being forced to retreat one-by-one, until they were defeated later on the morning of the 1st: they had killed three times as many attackers as they had lost (952 v 3,010), but the first Allied gain of the previous month was gone. It would not be the last in this sector.
By the end of the day, the MAB attacks in Indochina were starting to run out of steam and the French had begun an attack of their own in north coastal Tonkin, which they won and advanced into by the evening of 3 August.
Two days after that east and west Tonkin had both been successfully defended by the Allies, where the Poles now had a division in each to join an existing Allied attack on north-east Tonkin. The other three Polish reserve divisions also began pushing back up to the front in case some exploitation became possible.
The next defensive battle to be lost in Western China was in the Ganzi salient in the south, where 17 and 28 DPs had been resisting alone for some days, but were told to withdraw on 7 August as they weakened under worsening odds. To their east, the Allied defence of southern Gannan was also failing and east Gannan had been reoccupied by the MAB. The gains here from July were all being rolled back under the MAB counter-offensive.
Allied lend lease wound up on 8 August when the support equipment stockpile returned to a surplus of 77. In more good news, north-east Tonkin was occupied by French troops that afternoon: they were soon being counter-attacked, but more Allied formations were on the way to assist them. The battle was won by the morning of the 9th, after the arrival of 16 and then 29 DP.
In Western China, on the morning of 9 August Polish troops finally secured northern Gansu, just east of the city of Lanzhou, where they came under immediate Communist counter-attack but seemed to be holding strongly.
In North America, by 10 August the small French island outpost of St Pierre and Miquelon had been taken by the US. The Americans were still advancing in a wide arc north of the 48th parallel but were not making any discernible progress towards the St Lawrence in the North-West Sector.
There, the Allies were using the recent European reinforcements to help hold a narrow strip along the key waterway’s southern bank and a line stretching south-west through Montréal to Ottawa.
Once north-east Tonkin had been fully secured, on 11 August the Poles reinforced another Allied attack with 1 and 16 DPs, this time into south-eastern Laos, where victory came a day later. Another Polish division was sent to reinforce the push along the coast, where the French broke through later that evening.
Both the new civilian factories were completed by 12 August, allowing the rail works in Western China to fully resume. The next day, air doctrine advanced with new techniques for logistical bombing perfected. But in Western China, the Allies had lost south Gannan and a weak counter-attack was heading towards defeat.
It was a different story in Indochina. On 14 August four Polish and one French division were attacking a large mass of MAB troops in central-east Laos, all of which were looking very disorganised. It took two days of assaults, but the Allied breakthrough in Indochina gained more momentum with another handy victory.
15-31 August: Masters of the Jungle
The by now familiar ritual of the Manchurian border clash played out again between 15-17 August, with the usual outcome. The Poles had long since given up trying to understand what that was all about.
The Allies were now advancing almost at will in Indochina, with MAB resistance increasingly weak and desperate. The Poles tended to be following up and reinforcing Allied attacks as was deemed most productive, with the next victory coming in central east Laos on 16 August.
In Sulawesi, there seemed to be simultaneous attacks going in either direction, as the Allies had the numbers but couldn’t seem to regain any ground.
Fighting had intensified in Canada with a new American offensive apparently in progress as they pushed north of the Great Lakes and still tried to advance (less successfully) in the North-East.
In Western China, the PRC regained central Jiuquan on the 18th. One Polish division had remained on guard in South Jiuquan, while two more Polish divisions had headed west in search of supply to regain their strength.
As the fighting raged on all the major fronts of the war over the next few days, a curious report from Bulgaria made the headlines. There was wild speculation about possible local Bulgarian, German, British or Russian involvement in Tsar Boris III’s purportedly natural death. Whether this would mean anything significant for the former Fascist and now Allied puppet nation remained unclear.
A new light armour division was deployed on the 20th and allocated to the reserve 5th Army, concentrated at Breść Litweski, another began training in its place. Late that morning, in Indochina the Allies' hard-fought attack in central Laos was won and the province occupied. As the Allies now raced along the coast, three Polish divisions attacked the main MAB position on the front in central western Laos, where four Japanese and three Chinese Communist divisions were trying to hold the line.
To the north, while that went on, on 22 August the other two Polish divisions combined with the Allies to attack north central Laos, while even further north an Italian division had broken into open country and appeared to be heading to seal of the MAB salient against the Mekong River. The main MAB strength in Indochina was in danger of being trapped by a big right hook.
Over the next two days, this danger intensified, while the MAB – now a group of 12 demoalised divisions – broke in central western Laos on the morning of the 24th and tried to escape north as Allied troops, including Poles, raced to cut them off.
The Allies won the race that evening, with French troops closing the trap: 5 Japanese and 7 PRC divisions surrendered, breaking the back of their resistance in Indochina – for now, until more divisions were no doubt sent to stem the haemorrhage.
In the Caribbean, a large US war fleet was engaged off Port-au-Prince on 25 August: it looked like another invasion fleet, the escort led by the aircraft carrier USS Intrepid with two battleships, eight heavy cruisers and a myriad of smaller ships. Two wolfpack consisting of 22 German U-Boats was trying to strike them.
At that time, fighting had lulled again in Canada, with only two battles currently in progress in the west. The new rail construction had been completed in China and two new Polish factories – one civilian and one military – began construction. The next day, in Poland two new militia divisions were deployed into 3rd Army, guarding the southern front with Czechoslovakia.
The destination of the US invasion fleets was discovered a few days later when they landed in Suriname, spreading the war into South America after the US had island-hopped south to fully occupy French and British islands in the West Indies. An outnumbered French brigade was now trying to hold them off to its east.
After the new Warsaw Main Railway was completed on 30 August, boosting infrastructure there, the national focus was switched to supporting the chemical industry as Poland’s industrial sinews continued to be strengthened.
Western China remained problem for the Allies as August was coming to an end. North Gansu, the one gain made there this month, had finally succumbed after absorbing a series of enemy attacks after taking it at the start of the month. The defeated Allied defenders, including two Polish divisions, were making their way back to neutral Manchurian territory.
Monthly Summary – Asian Theatre
Similar levels of casualties were suffered on both sides compared to July, though the thousands of MAB prisoners taken in Indochina were not included in the total. Battles involving Polish troops had seen around 10,200 Allied casualties, but of these only just under half were Polish.
Supply throughput had improved somewhat in Western China, though was still poor right at the front, while the Allies seemed to be well supplied as they advanced again in Indochina.
The Northern Sector in China had only recently seen Polish troops engaged, as they had pulled back earlier in the month after losing all supply and organisation. The rear-guard Polish division left in South Jiuquan had been attacked twice, defeating the first and still fighting the second as the month ended. As mentioned earlier, central Jiuquan had been retaken by the MAB during the month.
The only Polish attacks during the whole month had come in north Gansu up to 8 August. Following that, like the other Allies around them, almost all the fighting had been defensive. North-east Golog and then later central Gannan had held out well against repeated probes, as had north Gannan, the last battle being a heavy NAB defeat. But the areas gained the month before, stretching from east Gannan south-west to Ganzi had all been retaken by the MAB.
In Sulawesi, despite an Allied gain earlier in the month, the front line ended up the same as it had at the start of the month.
And as the month ended, a surprise Japanese landing had been reported by the British at Khota Bahru, in northern Malaya, where Chinese and German units were seeking to repel a Japanese assault from the sea.
And, as we have seen above, August had eventually proven to be a great month for the Allies. An increasingly aggressive offensive had managed to bag most of the MAB divisions on the front and rapid gains were being made as August finished. The enemy were trying to establish a new line at the narrowest point of the front, while the five Polish divisions were active supporting the latest attack and position for further advances to maintain the momentum.
Monthly Summary – The Americas and Other Matters
The tempo of fighting had lulled a little on the Canadian Front. In all but the North-West Sector, the Americans had made steady gains as they fanned out into the vast northern plains and beyond the Great Lakes.
The Allies still clung on to the Canadian capital and the St Lawrence, as European Allied troops bolstered the lines most strongly there.
In South America, the French were resisting more strongly than had been expected.
There had been no change this month in Germany’s political fortunes as Polish lobbying continued.
Recent new deployments and new units entering training had seen artillery holdings depleted and now falling into deficit. Some extra Polish industry had begun to try repairing that shortfall and there was hope some of the Allies might chime in with some excess equipment until newer locally made (and likely superior) artillery pieces could be supplied.
And finally, three research advances had been made during August. Production efficiency had been improved as far as it could, the latest heavy fighter design was finished but again with production deferred until the most modern version could be made, perhaps with a modification or two to improve range and performance. And infantry equipment got another upgrade.
In order to see if some of the supply problems being suffered in the Far East might be alleviated in due course, work began on developing logistic companies, which it was hoped may one day become widely employed throughout the Polish Army.