Chapter LVIII – The Hardest Struggle
As the French army fled back to Passau under the joint leadership of Luxembourg, Crussol and Coligny the Austrians celebrated their victory. But even with Turenne out of the picture, Linz secured
and the Huguenots on the run it was hard for his Eminence Maximillian to enjoy his triumph. The Habsburgs had been mauled horribly both at Passau and at Linz and not many professional soldiers remained in the Catholic ranks.
Luxembourg led the Protestant infantry into Passau where he was greeted by Frederick V elector of the Palatinate and the man Nicolas Henri had designated as the true sovereign of Bohemia. The German Protestant had been at odds with the French sovereign in the past, but ever since switching sides to support the Huguenots and their “Rhine Coalition” he had enjoyed Nicolas’ favour, thus ensuring his French-supported candidature for the Bohemian throne. Although the Protestant Bohemian estates had agreed to acknowledging Frederick as their lawful sovereign, they were becoming more and more dissatisfied with the lack of an advance on Prague- if Prague fell, they argued, “
the whole of the rotten Habsburg monarchy would come crumbling down.”
Yet without Turenne to lead them, the French despaired behind the walls of Passau. Nobody seemed capable to take up the mantle and popularity of the disappeared Marshal General and since Condé hadn’t appeared at the rendezvous the generals were certain that he too had been lost outside Linz. With the two of his most prominent generals seemingly dead or captured, Nicolas was rendered in a deep and malicious state of wrath and sorrow. “
Leave a trail of waste and destruction through Austria and Styria so that the Inquisitor might learn that one does not oppose those whom God has anointed…” he supposedly wrote to his officers in Bohemia before adding “…
the Bible declares an eye for an eye, but no Austrian is nor will ever be the equal of our much beloved Vicomte.”
The generals, however, promptly decided to elect Crussol chief commander of the German front in the absence of the two marshals and his first order was to send Coligny and Luxembourg to Paris for further instructions. The Armies of Flanders and the East were respectively put under the command of Claude de Villeneuve and Jules de la Ferrandie – two of Turenne’s young favourites.
Frederick V of the Palatinate portrayed in a contemporary painting as a Roman God. The German Calvinist was one of Nicolas’ chief supporters in his claim for the imperial title. Besides being an ally of Nicolas, he was also a qualified candidate for the Czech throne because of his dominant position within the Protestant Alliance of the Rhineland that lent substantial amounts of credit and war material to their belligerent co-religious brothers in France and the Low Countries.
***
The Neapolitan War of Succession
***
Maximillian had left the field outside Linz when it had become apparent that the French wouldn’t be able to resist the onslaught of his many battalions. The Austrians swept the fields outside the city walls clean and dumped the bodies of the fallen into mass graves, often alongside their broken weapons, armour and other personal belongs. This has later proved quite valuable to contemporary historians as the excavations have brought much detail to the equipment of the armies of early modern Europe. The fact that the Austrians didn’t seem to care to scavenge what remained of usual equipment from the fallen just goes to show how much faith the Habsburgs put in their victory – why gather more weapons when the enemy had already been broken?
But the Iron Cardinal had more good reasons to not believe the French able to continue their offensives as favourable news began to arrive from Italy.
Gaston, the brother of Nicolas and former Frondeur, had married a daughter of the Neapolitan king who ruled much of former Spaniard Naples. The southern Italian kingdom had been liberated by the French in the war between Spain, Lorraine and the France of the Three Marshals in 1628. After a long and turbulent rule, the French noble who had been elected King by the estates of Naples passed away and left his throne to his son-in-law. But this was vehemently disputed by the Duke of Tuscany-Urbino who opposed any thought of letting the French gain a foothold on the Italian peninsular. The Tuscan sovereign had long been preparing for a takeover of the rich city of Naples and his allies in the Republic of the Sicilies had already been in a war with the French ruled kingdom to their northern flank, which had resulted in complete Sicilian control of the boot of the peninsular.
Besides the Sicilians the Tuscans also had an offensive and defensive alliance with the Holy See where the Pope himself was more than willing to avenge his defeat in the French-Papal War that had seen the Papacy’s loss of Avignon and the reformation of Venice.
Nicolas was eager to back his brother despite the strains it would put on France’s finances to fund a new front in Italy. But in the end the pros outweighed the cons. If Gaston was to leave his Viceroyalty of the Ebro for Naples it would remove a powerful Frondeur from the internal stage of French politics. The king’s brother had always wanted a kingdom of his own and since Nicolas finally had managed to produce an heir[1] and the obvious resentment against him from the loyalist courtiers and military officials it had become clear that ruling France would be out of the question.
That Naples wasn’t the most powerful of the Italian kingdoms wasn’t important to the Huguenot prince. With backing from the Louvre, Gaston hoped to expand Naples beyond her meagre borders and turn the country into the foremost power of all the Italian states.
With both sides prepared to defend their claims with armed force, the duke of Tuscany issued a declaration of war against France and her allies on the 7th of May 1656 and rallied his Papal and Sicilian allies for an invasion of Naples.
The War of Neapolitan Succession would become only a sideshow of what historians later have described as the last phase of the “War of European Dominance” between the Bourbon and Habsburg dynasties, but to the rulers in Vienna and Madrid the entrance of three more Catholic nations meant that their cause had gained tremendous ground. Indeed, one only has to look at the amount of Austrian propaganda leaflets being distributed in the Habsburg zones to understand what exactly the Papacy’s entrance to the war meant to the Eminence in Vienna. With his Holiness fighting alongside his chief defenders in Spain and Austria it would seem that finally all of Catholic Christendom had finally united against the Protestant onslaught and invasion.
However, Maximillian could not hope to provide aid to his allies to the south and neither could the Italians bring their mercenary and citizen armies north to the principal battlefields of the war because of the Calvinist government in Venice. The Venetians had been woefully isolated internationally in the peninsula’s political scene because of their affiliation with the French and Swiss states and as such the Doge-Prince of the most Serene Republic was delighted at the prospect of having an ally in a French Naples.
Italian troops being readied for advance.
***
Spain - Between a Rock and a Hard Place
***
When the French armies in the South of Spain were unable to break through to Toledo and the remaining unoccupied provinces of continental Spain, the commanding officer de Chambly decided to go north instead… towards Madrid. With fresh men and supplies arriving from Gaston de Orleans’ Barcelona (a show of good will to his brother, who was to conquer Naples for him), the French first marched on Murcia where they broke the Spaniard army ravaging the countryside before turning towards the Spanish capital. The small army had been gathered by local guerrilla commanders intend on breaking the Huguenot stranglehold on the Catalan coast, but they were unable to bring the local Portuguese forces and troops of Don Carlos’ central government to the fore and against the massive army of Chambly they all perished or disappeared into the mountains.
One of many minor armies thrashed in southern Spain
With the south more or less secure for the moment and with amble garrisons and munitions stored in the fortresses on the Mediterranean shores, the French pressed northwards where they met with reinforcements from Frondeur companies based in La Rochelle.
After a short skirmish outside the walls of the Spanish capital, the besiegers dug into the earth on the outskirts of the city’s ramparts and began construction of all the needed material for a prolonged siege. It would only be more than three months later that the Huguenots once again would enter Madrid as victors. Ana had not thought that her capital ever would come under siege and had gone to great lengths to convince her subjects that the Protestants “wouldn’t even be able to break a stone from the city’s battlements.” Yet even after a month of siege, much of Madrid’s idly kept fortifications would have been reduced to rubble.
Don Carlos saw this as his moment to force through his plans for a centralization of the Spaniard armies. With no news being able to leave Madrid, the Vallido announced his usurpation of de facto control of the Spanish state - although he refrained from taking the title as king – and immediately began work to assemble the local guerrillas around his strongholds in Toledo and Seville.
Many of the officers in the Spanish armies did not take the news kindly and dissent grew as it became clear that the Vallido had no intentions of attempting to relieve Madrid. Instead Don Carlos assembled what he could from the armies around the capital and together with his own personal forces marched north to attempt to break the French isolation of Galicia where separatists were getting ready to openly revolt against his rule. With an army of almost 20,000 men the new leader of the Spaniard cause moved for Asturias where he knew that a French army had failed several attempts at storming the fortress walls of the regional capital.
But halfway on his journey the news reached his headquarters that Madrid had finally fallen and that Ana had been taken prisoner.
It was a terrible blow to the decentralist policy of Ana and for a while it seemed as if Spain would completely collapse without her frail control over the southern militias. Yet Don Carlos did not despair. Instead he managed to turn the loss of the capital into a way to strengthen his own position through the channels of frustration within the lower nobility who thought very poorly of the higher social classes who, in their opinion, had allowed the French to advance so far. With backing form Portugal and the nobility of Andalusia the Vallido managed to bring some sort of order into the Spanish lines. From Caceres to Almería the Iberian armies managed to stabilize a defensive front that finally brought a renewed Protestant advance on Toledo to an abrupt halt.
Yet this relative success did nothing to outweigh the losses in territory. Half of Spain was more or less in enemy hands and the situation in Austria had not exactly improved despite Maximillian’s victory outside Linz. The young heirs of Turenne’s command had proven that they were more than mere favourites. Jules de la Ferrandie led the weakened Army of the East back to Linz where the hopefully insufficient garrison hadn’t even thought of the possibility of a counter attack from French. As a result the city was captured without much bloodshed, but the fortress held firm, denying the Protestants outright control of the town. So while the Eminence was sitting in Vienna desperately trying to turn his victory on the battlefield into diplomatic results through clandestine negotiations with representatives from Charles I and the Flemish Republic he received the news of Linz’ renewed besiegement. However, it seemed as if everything could still be won when reports indicated that Claude de Villeneuve had intercepted the remains of the last great Habsburg army in Austria that had been stationed in Ostermark…
It would prove to be the last of the war's larger battles and the Iron Cardinal was confident that his field marshal Pappenheim, who had returned from Württemberg when French troops and peasant rebels had stalled his advance, would be capable of routing the runts of the Huguenot armies… after all, he thought, the Protestants were low on manpower and Pappenheim had already proven his worth against the Dutch and Flemish in Tyrol.
Situation of the war in the later half of 1656.
Don Carlos did not know of the setbacks that plagued his Austrian allies, but he knew that he had to win the coming battle for the control of northern Spain otherwise his vague control of the most powerful Iberian state would either collapse or slowly disappear.
Outside Oviedo he engaged the exhausted Huguenots besieging the city and routed them with a charge from his cavalry, but as the Spanish prepared to enter the city with the much needed supplies for the starving populace a much larger French army appeared from the southern road to Madrid. Robert de Tocqueville had brought his 30,000 man strong Armée Royale north in anticipation of the Vallido’s flanking manoeuvre.
With a salute from his new mobile batteries Tocqueville opened the second phase of the battle by sending the Spaniard tercios into utter confusion through an intensive bombardment. Don Carlos hopelessly tried to reorganize his infantry, but the deployment had been meant to drive away entrenched enemies not an advancing and numerically superior attacker. A more skilled commander could perhaps have reorganized the Spaniards into a defensive position alongside the castle walls, but such talent had eluded the otherwise skilled Vallido.
The slow advance of the enemy infantry could not be withstood by his own troops and as the earth and trenches on the plain by Oviedo exploded into cascades of smoke and fire from the French bombardment the Spaniard realised that he had been outmanoeuvred and outflanked.
Wave upon wave of Huguenot cavalry swept down upon his cavalry squadrons crushing anything in their way.
In the end Don Carlos fled south virtually by himself. Only a few of his personal servants and a handful of determined guards followed suit as the Vallido escaped one of the most devastating defeats ever suffered by a Spaniard army.
Revenge… it’s sweet as hell!
[1]Will be covered later on, when I’ve learned how to write a successful shower scene.