Not going to answer to everything, but I wouldn't call it on the game if you pay tons of money to embrace institutions but end up behind Steppe Nomads in techs, or at least behind in meaningful techs, and this is what I understand from "signigicantly out-teched". Either you do random stuff with your monarch points like developping provinces over teching, you lack some economical knowledge so you don't get any advisor, or you simply don't minmax teching based on techpenalty and relative importance of every level of tech. I honestly never had the problem of being significantly out-teched by most of the Steppe nomads, more like the opposite, even from starts that are significantly furhter away from institutions spawning points than Lithuania. So, personally, I don't find the system broken. As I stated above, it rewards thoughtful play imo.Institutions system is broken, played lithuania kept drowning money into adopting them asap but in the end still got significantly out-teched by china, india and most steppe nomads!?
Oh god the forts, late game every war in a nutshell is sieging a fort for 80% of wars duration while you watch your troops die of attrition, but dont you dare move your troops or it will break the siege and you start over. So what you do Is park your army close by the fort and baby sit.
Very fun
Rather than a fort level being the defining defence of a province why don't they make a fort give a % defence bonus and the real defence comes from the actual development of the province.
Why don't they make assaulting forts a viable option. Maybe in the middle ages they were very costly in lives but surely countries developed more sophisticated techniques to deal with them in time.
Why don't siege general pips affect how well your army assault forts
Why cannons take a million years to do something? Im sure thousands of cannons hammering a star fort everyday for a month would pretty much destroy any fortifications.
Why do forts block adjacent tiles, it can block the tile the fort is in but IRL whats stopping me from completely ignoring forts and just attacking their capital? What they should do is have 50% warscore cap from normal provinces + capital and the rest 50% could be only obtained from sieging down forts.
Fort garrison should suffer attrition if all adjacent provinces are occupied by the enemy. In this case where would they get their supplies from?
Maybe im just talking out of my arse but forts are such a frustrating feature
As for your point with assaults, I actually find that the situation in game is close to what you would want. As time goes by, an assault is relatively more and more cheap. From a fort that had a double breach, which shouldn't be that long if you have max canons on a level 8 forts, the cost to assault it is around 100 gold worth of merc. Of course you don't want to do this for every fort of the planet, but if this is crucial that you get it, why not?
For your other points they have been discussed a gazillon times, so I won't answer. Not that they do not make sense, or that I don't agree with some of them.
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