Chapter 35: Desert Storm.
Retreating Iraqis.
The bullets snapped over their heads, the explosions in the distance quaked the ground. The little armor and vehicles they owned were being picked down by dive bombers. They dived from the clouds firing rockets or autocannons with great precision either on tanks or anti-aircraft guns. Once they vanished into the clouds a second set of larger bombers carpet bombed their axis indiscriminate. Death and carnage was everywhere. Soldiers were fleeing away from the frontlines and the convoys leaving their charcoaled brothers in arms behind and tons of equipment. Some reorganized to put up a fight and crossed into no man's land, but they were taken apart by the armor, machine guns, AA and AT guns positioned on the far side. Once they were pinned down in the open desert the Katyusha rockets opened up and left nothing but desolation. It was five day into the war. The Iraqi defenders were in full retreat in the face of a superior and uncomprosmising enemy toward British Kuwait and Transjordan. But they only had one highway to advance one highway on. This highway was under unwavering enemy bombardment from land and air. It would simply become known as Death's Highway.
Trotsky is turning Iraq into a parking lot for his armored forces.
The Soviets gathered evidence of Iraq violating the treaty they held with the USSR and the Allies. The treaty stipulated that free elections were to be held in Iraq and all parties were allowed. However following the success of the Iraqi Communist Party and the Soviet aggression in Afghanistan and Iran the members of the party faced mass persecution - led on by American and British special operators. Surviving Iraqi communists fled to the now Soviet occupied Iran and instigated terrorist attacks into their homeland. British authorities assured the Iraqi government they would stand by their side in case of a conflict with the USSR. Following the line of the Anglo-American alliance the Iraqi boycotted the entire Internationale for their aggression against peace. Things got out of control. Right wing elements in the Iraqi military leadership agitated for war with British support against the USSR (both to prevent an outright invasion and to take Arabistan from Iran) and shots rang through Bagdad. The Golden Circle failed in a military coup. However they managed to take control of several border units and shots were reported to fired into Iran. The Soviets didn't let this opportunity pass. They demanded British troops to end their "occupation of Iraq" and to restore democracy in Iraq and open up the oil cranes again. They were given a two week deadline. Iraq was close to accepting it, but they were assured by the local British commanders in two week's time they would manage to muster a sizable fleet and expeditionary to make the Soviets think twice. Furthermore, the British commander argued, the Soviet Union giving a two week deadline was a hint of the Soviet military not being ready for yet another invasion, and British intelligence reported the Red Army was busy occupying Iran and nothing hinted of an invasion, and that wanted peace rather than war. He was wrong. It was all a ruse. The Soviets had prepared for the war before the minor crisis, even before the invasion of Afghanistan. Their units had moved into position in secrecy and already knew exactly what to do. On the 9th of September 06:33 local time, not even 24 hours into the deadline, Bagdad was bombed. The Royal Palace was targeted hoping to decapitate the Iraqi leadership. In the and confusion disarray NKVD commandos and Iraqi communists blew up radio stations, warehouses, mined roads and attacked local government officials. Then a massive bomber fleet followed bombing all major cities, roads and airports while fighter bombers and light bombers attacked moving and stationary Iraqi units. Iraq war covered in flames and smoke.
It's on.
Midnight to the 10th Soviet troops recieved their order to attack. Soviet officers fired flare guns that illuminated the Iraqi defenders and added the shock and fear into their attack as thousands of armored vehicles crossed the borders led on by tons of artillery shells and rockets. Soviet fighter bombers flew right past them and blasted with their autocannons and bombs denying any Iraqi advance - or retreat. The British had two airbases in Iraq and these were labeled as high value targets. The British was given the ultimatum to evacuate their personell within morning or they would be caught in the crossfire. The British were stoic however and stayed their ground. The British commander requested the local British forces were to engage the Soviets head on, stalling their massive assault waiting for a coordinated relief force. But the reply never came. Reports flooded in from British advisors and observers that the Iraqi forces was falling behind on every front, one reported "all I see is fire". Soviet armored forces spearheaded straight past the Iraqi static forces, the tactics they developed in Afghanistan and Iran was being utilized to its fullest in the flat terrains of Iraq. The deadline for the British expired and no answer was recieved. On the horizon Soviet Pe light bombers appeared heading straight toward the British base. The British officer remarked that the Soviet pilot didn't fire, instead he fled lowly toward them and gestured them to evacuate the command post. Then he turned around in an exaggerated motion and destroyed the command post on the ground. If this was a noble gesture or one to prevent escalation is up to debate. Hours later the British recieved their order: Evacuate.
The Iraqis were woefully unprepared for war.
The Iraqis was unprepared for the war, and they were on their own. Their strategy involved holding out long enough for the Allies to meditate a peace or intervene. But they would be left in the same position as Iran and Afghanistan; help never came, they were on their own. This would later be called "the Western Betrayal". The British was afterall not this all powerful and omnipresent Empire. The Iraqi bravely mustered their defenses, but with no airforce or armored force to speak of they were no match for the Soviet onslaught. The war neared its third day and Bagdad was within artillery range being pounded from the air and the ground. All over the front Iraqis mustered brave counterattacks, but were subsequently slaughtered. Only in Basrah and further north on a crossing to the vital Tigris river the Iraqi managed to put up some sort if resistance. However they were resoundly beaten back time and time again on the flat desert terrain. To the north in Kurdistan the Iraqi Army and Kurdish militas (excelling in mountain warfare) envisioned a staliant defense in the mountains, holding off the Soviet thrusts toward Mosul and Bagdad. However the Soviets mastered Deep Operations, or Blitzkrieg as it was called by the westerns, and totally ignored them. Their was no operational value in getting bogged up in fighting some mountain troops, these strongholds would be bypassed. The real value was to end the war.
Soviet tank destroyers create the first ever traffic jam in Iraq.
However the massive assault had its limitations in the mostly feudal country. A Soviet tank commander remarked sarcastic "what hold us up is not enemy fire, but traffic jams created by us" and it was a truth to it. The Soviet invasion force got held up due to logistics and the poor infrastructure in Iraq (which had been mostly been destroyed by the Soviet invasion force), there was only sporadic attacks on the Soviet ground forces. The artillery and air force dealt with the Iraqi army in the distance putting up a barrage fire that denied entry toward the Soviet convoys. However Soviet armor was specifically designed to have great crossroad abilities, especially the new T-44. So why didn't they cross the deserts? They were afraid of mines and unforseen Iraqi threats such as imported British and American tanks. But once the engineers and recce teams found no signs of such things the Soviet armored force spread out and attacked with full speed ahead, quoting Patton "lead me, follow me, or get the helld out of my way".
In mother Russia we're used to not having roads and bridges.
But by the Tigris the Iraqis was putting up a resistance. Local commanders realized, saying local as the Iraqi command structure collapsed there was no command and control efforts to speak of, the Tigris river was a vital crossing point. If it was crossed the fertile crescent would fall. Moreover it would enable the Soviets to hold the Euphrates making it impossible for an Iraqi relief into the crescent and in turn encircle both Bagdad and Basrah. The capital couldn't fall, and neither could Basrah the vital port city and only means for a foreign relief force (the Iraqis still believed the British would arrive in full force to Basrah and Kuwait from India). The local Iraqis put up a harsh resistance. Over a bridge anti-tank guns and recoiless rifles were positioned to strike at the incoming Soviet armor crossing the bridge. But they knew standing up head on to the Soviet tanks would be doom. Instead they waited for the first Soviet recon tanks and T-44s to cross the bridge and into the village. Then they blew up the bridge and attacked the forward elements trapped in the village while mortar strikes and AT weapons fired across the bank. The Soviets suffered casualties. Two T-60s had to be abondoned, but the T-44s held up and fought their way out of the village. Soon the village was leveled by rockets and bombers. And to the shock of the Iraqis they saw Soviet tanks cross the river by sea, while others covered them from the far side of the river with engineers setting up an improvised bridge. "It was then I realized we had lost this war from the very beginning" the Iraqi commander said.
Baghad have fallen.
On the 14th Bagdad itself was reached. The city had for days been bombarded with barrages and from the air. The city was left in ruins, but still the Soviet commanders dreaaded the moment they had to engage in close quarters in the metropolitan. The plan actually detailed for the city to be besieged and forced to surrender. However one daring Soviet armored-recon battalion commander realized this would give the Iraqis an oppurtunity to organize their defense, their entire war plan relied upon a swift victory to give neither the Iraqi nor the Allies a chance to organize and mount a defense. He instead reported that he were to probe the defenses of the city, instead he attacked. He drove all the way to the heart of the city where he came under heavy fire. He reported back and the rest of the Mechanized Corps followed in with their T-34s, T-44s and LT-3s and APCs. They took control of the city center and the King of Iraq, but was under heavy fire. 10 Rifle Divisions rushed into the city center, and after a few hours of fighting the city was put under the control of the Iraqi communists and the local police force. It was a short blitz into the city center with great improvisation. A battle that was expected to cost thousands of lives and last for weeks ended with the loss a handful of Soviets and within a few hours. It was if nothing happened.
Another key strategic point will fall.
Further to the south the Iraqi still held the Tigris river despite several Soviet units managing to cross it. This enabled a cordinated Iraqi retreat toward Basrah and Kuwait, however this would result in severe Soviet bombardment and air raids giving the retreat route the name of "Death's Highway". In Basrah the Iraqi forces were fighting valiantly, but the Soviet pressure was immense. A cavalry engaged in the battle, taking advantage in the holes created by the armored forces and filled the gaps with Soviet infantrists as the normal infantrists couldn't keep up with the armor and keep up the momentum. It was only a matter of time before Basrah would fall and seal the southern theater for ever.
The first Soviet troops to enter took a picture of Mosul before its destruction.
Meanwhile to the north the Soviet forces disregarded the stalwart Iraqi defenses. Instead they drove straight toward Mosul. Unlike the commanders in Bagdad they didn't want a siege of the city, but neither did they want a deadly close quarters battle. Instead on the approaches into Mosul all hel reigned upon the ancient city leaving it to nothing but ruins. Soviet troops and armor assaulted the ruined city from the farside of the river.
And now Mosul fell..
After intense bombardment from air and land the city fell. The Iraqi and Kurdish defenses was decimated and the Soviet armored forces took control of the area. The area was pacified with Iraqi and Kurdish communist support and the Soviet soldiers was only given time to eat before they were again on the move. Having not slept or rested for days they were given "tank candy" to keep them awake and focused as they moved south to secure the crossings of the Euphrates, completely boxing in the remainder of Iraqi army.
And then Basrah, now it is nothing left in Iraq but sand. And oil of course, but that is not that important..
Two days later Basrah fell. The British contigent in Kuwait was put on high alert and even raided into the contested area. If Kuwait fell it would spell disaster for the British. But the Soviets weren't interested in starting a world war over Kuwait. They were quick to start to cross into the Iraqi heartland from the Euphrates with five mechanized corps crossing the river. The battered and weakened Iraqi division was no match for the battle hardened and technologically superior Soviet tanks. Now for the first time they were supported by the Rifle Divisions who hadn't got into battle yet. "Today is a good day to be an infantrists! No more waiting, now we will show what we are made of!" a Division commander told his men as they attacked the Iraqi defenders in full force. The interior of Iraq was to fall, making a substantial operational success for the Red Army as they were no longer hindered by the Euphrates and Tigris. One cavarly division advanced to the north west along the Euphrates river to take on the retreating Iraqi forces along Death's Highway and secure the eastern crossing of the Euphrates, a Rifle Division was tasked with protecting the weakened Mechanized Corps who took Basrah after intense fighting while five fresh mechanized corps would go to the west and encircle the Iraqi Army
Soviet bombardment of Iraqi positions.
The war was coming to an end. Aggressive and highly mobile Soviet armored units spearheaded the assaults and decacipated the Iraqi forces, while the Rifle Divisions mopped up the defenders. The Soviet forces were highly effective and mass Iraqi desertions were commonplace. A Soviet mechanized infantrist wrote, dissapointed, about his experiences in the war. "We sat in the back of the cramped up BTR for days and days. We sat their with our legs and backs aching. We slept in it, we ate in it we even did our things in it. We were supposed to support our armor, but we never got the chance. Only the machine gunner and the driver got some sporadic action. We were always on the move, we couldn't take any stops to rest or camp or whatever, we had to be on the move constantly. Even when the APC or armor stopped we had to sit in the back cramped up to not lose any time. We sat there, literally just sat there, for days without an end. The only time we got out was when one of the men went mental and shouted he had to "get out get out get out". We looked to the horizon and saw a mighty sight taking us all by awe, the entire horizon was covered in smoke and explosions".
The mop up begins.
20:00 local time on the fighting was in reality over. The operational plans was altered to move toward the British border and trap any Iraqi units who were in the crossfire. The secondary objective was to totally pacify Death's Highway. It was in these last fights that the first true Soviet casualties mounted. The infantrists were softer targets the Iraqis actually managed to take on. Meanwhile in their pursuit of total aggression there was no rearguards to speak, no one to protect their flanks and supply lines. Iraqi soldiers and militias who had been bypassed attacked these supply convoys. Yet it was nothing compared to the losses on the Iraqi side.
Iraq fell, not really a shocker.
On the 19th of September the last of the Iraqi forces surrendered to the Red Army, who in turn installed the Assyrian Yusuf Salman Yusuf as the leader of Iraq. Officially democracy was restored to Iraq and British Imperialism was ended. However in reality it had all been replaced by Soviet occupation and imperialism. The Southern Thrust Strategic Operation was a major success. Iraq fell in less than 10 days with minimal Soviet casualties. Meanwhile the Allies were paralyzed unable to take advantage of the situation and stop the Soviets diplomatically or by force. However a Third World War with the Soviet Union was not wanted by most of the public nor politicians and even soldiers in Britain or America, a mere year following the conclusion of the Second World War. The Soviets had proven the superiority of their offensive doctrines and their T-44 and LT tanks, tanks the Allies had nothing to counter with. In many ways these wars can be looked upon as live exercises toward a war against the Allies, and as a show of power and testing Allied commitment toward Soviet containment.
53000 casualties in the invasions, after WW2 50.000 may not seem as high casualties.
During the Southern Thrust Strategic Operation the Soviets suffered around 53.420 casualties, the majority of them being wounded soldiers. Soviet forces proved they mastered the art of war and could take down entire nations in a matter of days with low casualties. Still lest not forget the fates of those poor souls who fell. In Iran, Afghanistan and Iraq local governments was installed and tasked with running the day to day governance under Soviet "guidance and protection". The decorated heroes, generals and marshals of the invasion returned home to the USSR being welcomed by a parade. It was as if the brutal Soviet invasions to secure their strategic goals and oil supply was over. But while the western world was shocked by such a display of force and paralyzed, and the communist world cheered the return of the heroes the Soviet armies in the Ukraine and in the Middle East turned their eyes. Their gaze was set on the Bosphorous and the Dardanelles...
Soviet soldier inspecting Death's Highway.
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After these rather intense invasions the focus will go a little back toward the Post War settlement of China, and then we'll move forward again looking at 1944.
Now I wonder, are the Allies in the right to avoid war by letting the USSR having a field day?