Europe in 1075
British Isles
teal: independent Scottish duchies
pink: rebellious and independent English vassals
dark green: Welsh counties and duchies
Kingdom of England
After the Norman Invasion, the Kingdom of England became a major power in Western Europe. The reign of William the Conqueror (1066-1073) saw English domination of the region, with small scale expansion to Wales and Scotland. However when William died in 1073, he was succeeded by his eldest son Robert Curthose, who was known to be a vile and ruthless ruler. Robert's reign was to be short, lasting only an year when he died of an unknown sickness in the Christmas eve of 1073. He was succeeded by his son Wymund who was only two years old, and thus a regency was established to govern the Kingdom. However many vassals including the Dukes of York, Oxford, Normandy, March and Lancaster who were not content to the rule of Robert Curthose and the Regency rebelled in 1074 thus starting the Dukes' Revolt (1074-1076). The rebellion saw foreign interference from the Kingdoms of France and Germany, and France managed to annex parts of the Duchy of Normandy.
Kingdom of Scotland
In 1066 Scotland was fragmented; the King ruled only a third of the Kingdom and powerful duchies of Lothian and Western Isles the rest. King Malcolm III ( (105

struggled to unify the Kingdom but was unable to and lost several wars to England and the Dukes of Scotland. The Norwegian Duke of Western Isles, Godfried Crovan, was aiming to conquer parts of Ireland and in 1072 managed to annex the county of Tir Eoghain in the northern part of Ireland.
France
darker blue: the King's demesne
Kingdom of France
Philip I (1060-), of the House of Capet, struggled to keep his powerful vassals in control. Guillaume d'Aquitane, Duke of Aquitane managed to increase his power by obtaining the duchies of Gasque and Poitou into his control and was more powerful than the King himself. Other notable vassals included Robert de Bourgogne, Duke of Burgundy, Guillaume de Toulouse, Duke of Toulouise and Baudoin van Vlaanderen, Duke of Flanders. In 1074 when the Dukes' Revolt broke out in England, Philip was fearing that his own vassals would revolt aswell so he decided to increase his power by annexing part of the Duchy of Normandy, which rebelled from England.
Holy Roman Empire
darker olive yellow: the Emperor's demesne
Kingdom of Germany
Henry IV (1056-), Holy Roman Emperor, was the most powerful man of Christendom. His personal demesne consisted most of Franconia, parts of Swabia and large areas in Italy. His realm included several powerful vassals, including Ordulf Bildung, Duke of Saxony and Brunswick, Udo Staden, Margrave of Brandenburg, Ernest von Babenberg, Margrave of Austria, Heinrich Nordheim, Duke of Bavaria and Vratislav Premyslid, Duke of Bohemia. In 1070 Henry IV conquered the Wends of Northern Germany and established the new Margraviate of Brandenburg. Other notable events in Henry IV's reign were the Swabian Revolt of 1071, in which Rudolf I, Duke of Swabia was defeated and replaced by Frederick I, of the insignificant noble family of Hohenzollern. In 1074 Henry IV intervened in the Dukes' Revolt of England, planning to obtain more of the Netherlands to his Kingdom but was unsuccessfull.
Italy
Duchy of Apulia
The Norman Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and Calabria, continued to increase the Norman influence in Southern Italy and Mediterranean. He managed to conquer Napoli from the Greek family of Spaterno and was planning to conquer Sicily from Muslim hands. He allied with the Republic of Genoa and attacked the Muslims, but wasnt able to conquer the island completely.
Spain
Kingdom of Castille-Léon
Sancho II of Castille (1065-), managed to obtain the Kingdom of Léon from his brother Alfonso when he defeated him in 1069. Sancho II was planning to have all the Christians of Spain under his control, and attacked the Duchy of Galicia in 1070, but the rocky terrain of Galicia prooved to be too difficult defense to penetrate and failed to conquer the duchy. Then he turned his attention to the Moors, and large scale wars started between the Christians and Moors in 1072 lasting many years.
The Moors
The Moors of Spain consisted of several small beydoms and sheikdoms but by co-operating they managed to conquer and destroy the Kingdom of Aragon in 1068, and Sancho I of Aragon was forced to go into exile. The Duchy of Barcelona managed to keep their independence however when suddenly the Moors were dragged into a large war with the Kingdom of Castille-Léon.
Eastern Europe
Kingdom of Poland
Boleslaw II (105

, King of Poland, was struggling when the pagan Prussians, Pomeranians and Lithuanians allied and attacked the Kingdom in 1067. He led a successful defense and with Swedish help he managed to drive the pagans back. After the war, Boleslaw II focused on stabilizing the Kingdom which suffered greatly when the pagans raided the countryside.
Kingdom of Hungary
Solomon I of Hungary (1063-) reign was continuous warfare with the pagan Pechenegs to east. After initial success by the Pechenegs, the Hungarians managed to turn the tide and conquered part of the Pecheneg land in 1069, splitting the Pecheneg tribe into two. War started again in 1074, when the Pechenegs aimed to reconquer their land back.
Principality of Kiev
Izyaslav I, Prince of Kiev (1054-) was struggling with hostile neightbours; to north he faced with the Mordvins, to west with the pagan Baltic tribes and to east with the horrid Cumans. In 1071 the northern neightbour of Polotsk was overtaken by the Mordvins and the next year the Mordvins attacked Kiev.
Kingdom of Croatia
Petar Kresimir IV of Croatia (105

was facing with a problem; Croatia was entrenched between more powerful neightbours and had little chance to increase his power. Only possibility was attacking the Serbs to south-east.
Scandinavia
Kingdoms of Sweden, Denmark and Norway
The three Kingdoms of Scandinavia, Sweden, Denmark and Norway continued their peaceful coexistence between in the region. Olaf III of Norway (1066-), son of Harald Hardrada, continued his father's efforts in obtaining foothold in the British Isles. This was partly successfull when he managed to set up a Norwegian as the Duke of Western Islands. Meanwhile the Danish King Sweyn II (1047-) was planning to attack the pagan Pomeranians to his south, while his neightbour, Eric VII of Sweden (1066-) was entangled in wars with the pagans to his north, and was getting worried of the situation in Finland.
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire
The old Byzantine Emperor, Contantine X (1059-1070) died in the summer of 1070 and was replaced by his son, Michael VII (1070-). The Byzantine Empire faced several wars against the Seljuk Turks beginning in 1071 and the eastern parts of the Empire were lost, when some of them were taken over by the Turks and some of them declared independence. However the Empire was still intact and strong, and the decay of the Fatimids to south eased the situation a bit.