Sabastiao I
Chapter 9: The infant king (1557 – 1578)
Sabastiao I was born two weeks after his father’s death and named king at age three upon the death of grandfather, Joao III. First, his grandmother, Catherine of Habsburg was named regent but later his uncle, Cardinal Henrique of Evora took her place.
Cardinal Henrique of Evora
Portugal was in a state of constant colonial development and attacks from the native populations became a norm for the settlers. Under the regency of Henrique, Portugal took a systematic approach to colonization by developing three provinces at a time into cities. Expansion slowed somewhat but revenues rose as the tax base and trade expanded.
Exploration once again became an interest to the crown. Having built up Aisen into a thriving port city, Portugal looked to the northern coasts along South America as a possible expansion point. An explorer by the name of de Abreu began his journey from Tago on August 23, 1560, to explore along the coast of the Americas and sail as far west as possible. By September 1564, he had discovered the Aleutian Islands but his fleet was lost at sea sailing back to re-supply his ship.
At home, Portugal tried to keep a low profile, as European nations rebelled and warred against each other. Protestantism was running rampant in Europe as the Huguenots declared their independence from France. England converted once again and by 1560 English influence caused the reform of Lothian and the Highlands. Portugal did openly support the birth of the French Catholic nation, giving them a state gift in their war for independence from France.
Goa
Portugal also spread the faith into the heathen countries by enacting the 1567 Ecclesiastical Council at Goa. Stating
"that all heathen temples in Portuguese controlled territory should be demolished; ... that all non-Christian priests, teachers and holy men should be expelled; that all their sacred books should be seized and destroyed whenever found".This forced many to flee to neighboring countries and tax revenues went with them.
A fire, that same year in Algarve, burned the naval manufacturing plant to the ground. Some speculated it was an act of sabotage by a sympathizer to Goa, though it was never proven. Having faced several manufactory fires before, Portugal set out to build a fine arts academy in Tago and rebuild the naval plant in Algarve.
On the Iberian Peninsula, Spain and Aragon had openly taunted each other until Aragon took the final step and declared war. With funds being low in the treasury, Portugal made the decision to not honor their alliance with Aragon. Relations around the world plunged for Portugal but it did not concern them. They saw an opportunity in another part of the world prime for the taking.
Having received a diplomatic insult against Hyderabad, Portugal began building up its treasury and forces to take this heathen nation. On November 20, 1572, two months before the end of the casus belli, Portugal declared war on Hyderabad.
Marching 21,000 troops into Maharashtra, the troops faced 19,000 troops. Hyderabad put up a good fight but the trained Portuguese fighters reduced them down to 11,000 while their troops were reduced to 16,000. With a steady supply of reinforcements from Bombay and Goa, they took Maharashtra in a year and the province of Hyderabad the next. Hyderabad was also building up troops in Bastar where they had retreated after the battle of Hyderabad.
Once again Portugal faced the heathen army, this time 22,000 against 21,000 and soundly defeated the army forcing them to now retreat to Khandesh. Once Bastar had been taken, Khandesh was the last province standing in the way of a total victory.
Revolts proved to be the toughest battle for Portugal. War exhaustion set in and revolts sprang up in Tobago/Trinidad, Walata, Tangiers, Nouakchott, Quatar, Cape Verde, Bourbon, Jenne, Algarve, Leone, Al Kharam, Bombay, Ciskei, Tassarett and Murumbidgee.
By this point, if Portugal could get Khandesh they would have the heathen country on its knees. Pushing into the last province, Portugal meet the remaining 10,000 members of Hyderabad’s army. After a long battle, 7,000 Hyderabad troops retreated towards the province of Hyderabad while Portugal beseiged Khandesh. Once Khandesh was taken, Portugal with 100% victory attempted to negotiate peace. Asking for only three of the four provinces, Hyderabad rejected their peace offering. Portugal and particularly, Henrique were not pleased with their response. Deciding, they would chase the remaining troops to the ends of the earth if need be, they attacked the forces again. Taking the 11,000 troops in Khandesh, they moved back down into Maharashtra and hammered away on Hyderabad troops. Reducing them down to 6,000 they once again chased them into the province of Hyderabad. Once there, they took one last crack at destroying what was left of the troops and reduced them down to 5,000. Portugal tried once again to negotiate peace and finally Hyderabad gave in. On July 27, 1578, they agreed to hand over Maharashtra, Bastar and Khandesh to Portugal and a truce of two years.
Now that the Hyderabad war was over, Portugal looked to finish off any revolts still lingering in the farther colonies.
Council of Trent
Just a week after the war ended, the Council of Trent convened to discuss the Protestant reformation in Europe. The meetings ushered in counter-reformation, whose affects had yet to be felt in the land.
By 1578, Sabastiao had reached the age of majority and set about planning his conquest of the Muslims of Africa. Believing he was to lead a crusade in the name of Jesus Christ, he wished to lay siege on his vassal Morocco. Morocco had grown powerful as Portugal’s vassal and even though they were infidels in the eyes of many, this was not a battle Portugal needed. On August 3, 1578, Portugal secretly committed their king to a Jesuit order and spread a story that Sabastiao I “the sleeping king” had died in battle.