As far as I understand, I should be able to demand Christian (creatable) titles from religious enemies without a claim, regardless of my or their rank.
No matter which way around it's supposed to work, it's inconsistent and therefore most likely bugged.
I disagree, it's not inconsistent and it is not bugged. You are not meant to become Prince of Kiev unless you actually own the provinces that make up the duchy of Kiev, or get the crown from a Christian ruler. Pagans and Muslims inherit their titles all across the map and it makes no sense allowing players to easygrab titles from their one province pagan neighbour in Estonia who inherited some random duke title from the Caucasus, or from the Last Emir of Sevilla (TM) who through some fluke inherited his third degree cousin the Emir of Paphlagonia and Bumfuckistan and lost all provinces that used to belong to that region.