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on your second question, you can't.
On your first question you can research "education" which will give you more leadership - as a % of your already existing leadership.
You can increase funding to education - it's usually already at max however.
You can conquer territory (you will get a % of their available leadership, but not 100% within the time frame of the game unless they are "cores" for your nation).
You can also ask your friends for help on research - but that typically is not a very effective way of doing things.
On your first question you can research "education" which will give you more leadership - as a % of your already existing leadership.
You can increase funding to education - it's usually already at max however.
You can conquer territory (you will get a % of their available leadership, but not 100% within the time frame of the game unless they are "cores" for your nation).
You can also ask your friends for help on research - but that typically is not a very effective way of doing things.
Leadership is usually the sticking point for any small country trying to become a major power. You only get a tiny sliver of it by conquering, and most of the techs that boost it are percentage-based, so if you have a small base, the benefits of the techs are miniscule.
Germany, with something like 30 points to start, can research Education and get a 5% increase, which is 1.5 additional Leadership. That 1.5 points will recoup the 1 point spent over the span of close to a year to research education in only 8 months, and after that, it's all profit. A smaller country with 7 points will only see a 0.35 point increase, and will take close to 3 years to recover the investment. Worse, since Germany has a significantly larger manufacturing base to generate higher Practical values, it actually pays considerably less for some of its research. Germany then gets the on-map Leadership of both Austria and Czechoslovakia as cores, which means it gets 100% of that Leadership. Anything you conquer as a non-core province only provides a small fraction of the benefit to you (as in 10-20%, depending on occupation laws).
In one game, playing an absurdly bloated and overpowered Hungary, I managed to take almost the entire Balkan peninsula (YUG, ROM, BUL, most of GRE), invaded and annexed the Vichy portions of France after the Fall of France, and eventually invaded and annexed just about the entire British Isles (all except for 3 "empty" UK provinces which Germany invaded and occupied at the last minute), plus several other countries, giving me over 200 base IC, and my Leadership was STILL a bit less than that of Italy.
In short: once a minor, always a minor.
Germany, with something like 30 points to start, can research Education and get a 5% increase, which is 1.5 additional Leadership. That 1.5 points will recoup the 1 point spent over the span of close to a year to research education in only 8 months, and after that, it's all profit. A smaller country with 7 points will only see a 0.35 point increase, and will take close to 3 years to recover the investment. Worse, since Germany has a significantly larger manufacturing base to generate higher Practical values, it actually pays considerably less for some of its research. Germany then gets the on-map Leadership of both Austria and Czechoslovakia as cores, which means it gets 100% of that Leadership. Anything you conquer as a non-core province only provides a small fraction of the benefit to you (as in 10-20%, depending on occupation laws).
In one game, playing an absurdly bloated and overpowered Hungary, I managed to take almost the entire Balkan peninsula (YUG, ROM, BUL, most of GRE), invaded and annexed the Vichy portions of France after the Fall of France, and eventually invaded and annexed just about the entire British Isles (all except for 3 "empty" UK provinces which Germany invaded and occupied at the last minute), plus several other countries, giving me over 200 base IC, and my Leadership was STILL a bit less than that of Italy.
In short: once a minor, always a minor.
The only effective way of increasing Leadership that i use is Strategic Modifiers. They're super-situational though.
The Soviets can invade Turkey for the Black Sea modifier, and easily get the Grand Fleet/Army/Airforce modifiers for a nice big boost. Once Germany invades, the Veteran modifiers will quickly be yours, too (not the Navy one though, though nobody ever really gets that).
As a minor, they'll be very difficult to achieve.
The Soviets can invade Turkey for the Black Sea modifier, and easily get the Grand Fleet/Army/Airforce modifiers for a nice big boost. Once Germany invades, the Veteran modifiers will quickly be yours, too (not the Navy one though, though nobody ever really gets that).
As a minor, they'll be very difficult to achieve.
In BICE you can increase your efficiency of your research(with 2 techs) additionaly to increasing your LS(with two techs again) so you have a bit more to gain.
I think you can get up 100% gain in 1940 from your base in 1936 that is within 4 years.
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Once again, a 100% gain from a small starting Leadership base is still a small Leadership pool. Germany's got 4x or 5x the starting value, so any single action that it takes to improve research is going to put the sum of all your efforts to shame. There are no fixed-value "+1 Leadership point" increases, all of the increases are percentage based, so 1000% of nothing is still nothing. You can NEVER catch up, no matter what you do, or even narrow the gap significantly.
Yep.
But even the smallest nation has some LS and in BICE there are even more ways to get more LS (as opposed to vanilla).
There are strategic buidings that increase as well efficency as much as also basic value of LS so its a bit less difficult to keep up research as a minor.
At least thats what I gather from people who like to play minors in BICE.