You will get a casus belli if another nation:
-Imprisons, executes o murders (and get caught) a character of yours.
-Desecrates one of your temples or incites rebellion. I'm not sure for seducing (try to seduce?) a governor
-Stops paying tribute: beware! they must have been paying tribute, not simply reject to begin to pay.
So to force a casus belli you can try desecration, inciting rebellion, seduction or, the most effective, murder. You need to be discovered (no matter if success or failure) and your hit-man to be executed or at least put to jail. To ensure that result, it is better if your character has low finesse, but also high (at least not very low) loyalty.
I think that relative forces also play a role, so it's possible that your tiny neighbour, glimpsing your 30 cohort XX Legion at the border, shall clench teeth and say 'It's been an accident, wasn't it?'
