If it's works for you go for it. Am not trying to convince you just wanted to answer this.
All three official ascension paths are doing exactly that. They change your population. That's the answer to your question if it's affecting pops or empires. You can actually acquire other populations with more than one special trait but never can you do more than pathway. It more akin to a private decision by the population of one Empire that gets codified as law compared to publicly funded megastructure projects.I think that's where the question comes in, though: What is the story that this is telling?
And I think you put your finger on it. Is an ascension path specifically something that happens to change the empire's population, or is it something that happens to change your empire and its people overall?
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