• We have updated our Community Code of Conduct. Please read through the new rules for the forum that are an integral part of Paradox Interactive’s User Agreement.

mike8472

Field Marshal
40 Badges
Feb 9, 2003
3.766
347
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Expansion Pass
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Death or Dishonor
  • Stellaris: Synthetic Dawn
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Expansion Pass
  • Stellaris: Humanoids Species Pack
  • Stellaris: Apocalypse
  • Stellaris: Distant Stars Pre-Order
  • Stellaris: Distant Stars
  • Stellaris: Megacorp
  • Imperator: Rome
  • Stellaris - Path to Destruction bundle
  • Imperator: Rome Sign Up
  • Stellaris: Ancient Relics
  • Stellaris: Lithoids
  • Hearts of Iron IV: La Resistance
  • Stellaris: Federations
  • Battle for Bosporus
  • Stellaris: Necroids
  • Stellaris: Nemesis
  • Hearts of Iron IV: No Step Back
  • Europa Universalis IV: Pre-order
  • Europa Universalis III
  • Europa Universalis IV
  • Hearts of Iron III
  • Victoria: Revolutions
  • Supreme Ruler 2020
  • Victoria 2
  • Victoria 2: A House Divided
  • Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness
  • 500k Club
  • Hearts of Iron II: Armageddon
  • Stellaris
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris Sign-up
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Cadet
  • Stellaris: Digital Anniversary Edition
  • Stellaris: Leviathans Story Pack
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Together for Victory
It seems paradox has beat everyone. My copy is arriving thursday, damm weather in the US held it up 3 days. Oh well working all week any way. Hehe i have 1 month starting the 23rd of Jan so i can do some serious game play.

Hey nolan post here and tell us what you think of the game.
 

unmerged(8840)

First Lieutenant
Apr 21, 2002
220
0
Visit site
mike8472 said:
So i would upgrade to 512/128 if you plan on playing HOI 2 alot with larger groups 3-4+ players. Up to you if you want to go to a higher plan all dpends on how expensive.

Just for intrest sake i would like to know who your ADSL connection is with and what the price plans are. So i can compare to broadband.

If you want to check broadband, whirlpool.net.au has the lot.

BTW, would you say the ping rate or the bandwith is more critical?
 

mike8472

Field Marshal
40 Badges
Feb 9, 2003
3.766
347
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Expansion Pass
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Death or Dishonor
  • Stellaris: Synthetic Dawn
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Expansion Pass
  • Stellaris: Humanoids Species Pack
  • Stellaris: Apocalypse
  • Stellaris: Distant Stars Pre-Order
  • Stellaris: Distant Stars
  • Stellaris: Megacorp
  • Imperator: Rome
  • Stellaris - Path to Destruction bundle
  • Imperator: Rome Sign Up
  • Stellaris: Ancient Relics
  • Stellaris: Lithoids
  • Hearts of Iron IV: La Resistance
  • Stellaris: Federations
  • Battle for Bosporus
  • Stellaris: Necroids
  • Stellaris: Nemesis
  • Hearts of Iron IV: No Step Back
  • Europa Universalis IV: Pre-order
  • Europa Universalis III
  • Europa Universalis IV
  • Hearts of Iron III
  • Victoria: Revolutions
  • Supreme Ruler 2020
  • Victoria 2
  • Victoria 2: A House Divided
  • Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness
  • 500k Club
  • Hearts of Iron II: Armageddon
  • Stellaris
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris Sign-up
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Cadet
  • Stellaris: Digital Anniversary Edition
  • Stellaris: Leviathans Story Pack
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Together for Victory
I think ping and bandwidth go hand in hand. The higher your bandwidth the better your ping in most cases, so bandwidth is the most important IMO.

Ok nolan, give us some impressions after you have played for awhile, look forward to playing so MP with you. Maybe we can arrange a game for the weekend so we can discuss and exchange ideas of what we find in the game. If anyone else is interested in doind this let me know. Good way to help each other learn. Two heads are better then one.
 

mike8472

Field Marshal
40 Badges
Feb 9, 2003
3.766
347
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Expansion Pass
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Death or Dishonor
  • Stellaris: Synthetic Dawn
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Expansion Pass
  • Stellaris: Humanoids Species Pack
  • Stellaris: Apocalypse
  • Stellaris: Distant Stars Pre-Order
  • Stellaris: Distant Stars
  • Stellaris: Megacorp
  • Imperator: Rome
  • Stellaris - Path to Destruction bundle
  • Imperator: Rome Sign Up
  • Stellaris: Ancient Relics
  • Stellaris: Lithoids
  • Hearts of Iron IV: La Resistance
  • Stellaris: Federations
  • Battle for Bosporus
  • Stellaris: Necroids
  • Stellaris: Nemesis
  • Hearts of Iron IV: No Step Back
  • Europa Universalis IV: Pre-order
  • Europa Universalis III
  • Europa Universalis IV
  • Hearts of Iron III
  • Victoria: Revolutions
  • Supreme Ruler 2020
  • Victoria 2
  • Victoria 2: A House Divided
  • Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness
  • 500k Club
  • Hearts of Iron II: Armageddon
  • Stellaris
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris Sign-up
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Cadet
  • Stellaris: Digital Anniversary Edition
  • Stellaris: Leviathans Story Pack
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Together for Victory
Hey, my game arrived, only prob i was at work, damm. Oh well im picking it up tommorow and sending munster his copy via express post, so guess who will be playing HOI 2 for 72 hours straight over my long weekend, hehe. Cya around guys, look forward to MP games.
 

unmerged(8840)

First Lieutenant
Apr 21, 2002
220
0
Visit site
mike8472 said:
I think ping and bandwidth go hand in hand. The higher your bandwidth the better your ping in most cases, so bandwidth is the most important IMO.

That simply is not the case.

an example would be 2 way Sattelite broadband, the bandwidth may be great, but the pings can be huge (signal going up to geo synch and back in both directions).

Standard home ISDN is the opposite example, only 128k in each direction, but excellent pings (digital connection from the PC to the ISP).

Basically it comes down to how well written the network code is and how much info has to be transmitted by, and to, the clients.

Does anyone actually know if HoI2 is more dependent on Ping speed or bandwidth?
 
Sep 17, 2004
796
0
Wouldn't ping determine the time it takes to issue commands for non-host players, and bandwidth the amount of commands/events that can be sent at one time.
 

mike8472

Field Marshal
40 Badges
Feb 9, 2003
3.766
347
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Expansion Pass
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Death or Dishonor
  • Stellaris: Synthetic Dawn
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Expansion Pass
  • Stellaris: Humanoids Species Pack
  • Stellaris: Apocalypse
  • Stellaris: Distant Stars Pre-Order
  • Stellaris: Distant Stars
  • Stellaris: Megacorp
  • Imperator: Rome
  • Stellaris - Path to Destruction bundle
  • Imperator: Rome Sign Up
  • Stellaris: Ancient Relics
  • Stellaris: Lithoids
  • Hearts of Iron IV: La Resistance
  • Stellaris: Federations
  • Battle for Bosporus
  • Stellaris: Necroids
  • Stellaris: Nemesis
  • Hearts of Iron IV: No Step Back
  • Europa Universalis IV: Pre-order
  • Europa Universalis III
  • Europa Universalis IV
  • Hearts of Iron III
  • Victoria: Revolutions
  • Supreme Ruler 2020
  • Victoria 2
  • Victoria 2: A House Divided
  • Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness
  • 500k Club
  • Hearts of Iron II: Armageddon
  • Stellaris
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris Sign-up
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Cadet
  • Stellaris: Digital Anniversary Edition
  • Stellaris: Leviathans Story Pack
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Together for Victory
Well leave it up to the experts.

On a far more important event, I HAVE MY COPY OF HOI 2, yepeee. I've also sent munster his copy via express post he shoul get his tommorow. Hopefully the rest of the group will get theres soon.

First impression of the game, WOW. It is looking very impressive, and so smooth and streamlined. The focus had moved away from micro managing your research and upgrades to focusing more on diplomacy and strategic decisions.

Seems very stable no CTD's yet, i love the music.

All i can say is that this game rocks, a very solid improvment on HOI indeed.

Only prob is now i got to go to work, ah well 5 more shifts and i got 5 weeks off work. LOL.
 

mike8472

Field Marshal
40 Badges
Feb 9, 2003
3.766
347
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Expansion Pass
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Death or Dishonor
  • Stellaris: Synthetic Dawn
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Expansion Pass
  • Stellaris: Humanoids Species Pack
  • Stellaris: Apocalypse
  • Stellaris: Distant Stars Pre-Order
  • Stellaris: Distant Stars
  • Stellaris: Megacorp
  • Imperator: Rome
  • Stellaris - Path to Destruction bundle
  • Imperator: Rome Sign Up
  • Stellaris: Ancient Relics
  • Stellaris: Lithoids
  • Hearts of Iron IV: La Resistance
  • Stellaris: Federations
  • Battle for Bosporus
  • Stellaris: Necroids
  • Stellaris: Nemesis
  • Hearts of Iron IV: No Step Back
  • Europa Universalis IV: Pre-order
  • Europa Universalis III
  • Europa Universalis IV
  • Hearts of Iron III
  • Victoria: Revolutions
  • Supreme Ruler 2020
  • Victoria 2
  • Victoria 2: A House Divided
  • Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness
  • 500k Club
  • Hearts of Iron II: Armageddon
  • Stellaris
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris Sign-up
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Cadet
  • Stellaris: Digital Anniversary Edition
  • Stellaris: Leviathans Story Pack
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Together for Victory
Munster and Myself have started our first MP game,seems very stable no crashes in over two years of play. Im Germany and Munster is Italy, were teaming up to see how we go against the AI.

Ive found the game very easy to learn, and i think for the HOI vets out there they will find the same. You just need to learn the interface and then just figure out all the small little details as you go.

For anyone who has the game now let me know if you want to start an MP game as me and munster are keen to try a larger game.
 

mike8472

Field Marshal
40 Badges
Feb 9, 2003
3.766
347
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Expansion Pass
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Death or Dishonor
  • Stellaris: Synthetic Dawn
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Expansion Pass
  • Stellaris: Humanoids Species Pack
  • Stellaris: Apocalypse
  • Stellaris: Distant Stars Pre-Order
  • Stellaris: Distant Stars
  • Stellaris: Megacorp
  • Imperator: Rome
  • Stellaris - Path to Destruction bundle
  • Imperator: Rome Sign Up
  • Stellaris: Ancient Relics
  • Stellaris: Lithoids
  • Hearts of Iron IV: La Resistance
  • Stellaris: Federations
  • Battle for Bosporus
  • Stellaris: Necroids
  • Stellaris: Nemesis
  • Hearts of Iron IV: No Step Back
  • Europa Universalis IV: Pre-order
  • Europa Universalis III
  • Europa Universalis IV
  • Hearts of Iron III
  • Victoria: Revolutions
  • Supreme Ruler 2020
  • Victoria 2
  • Victoria 2: A House Divided
  • Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness
  • 500k Club
  • Hearts of Iron II: Armageddon
  • Stellaris
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris Sign-up
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Cadet
  • Stellaris: Digital Anniversary Edition
  • Stellaris: Leviathans Story Pack
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Together for Victory
Nolan, Munster and myself tried out a combat scenario last night, the North Africa campaign. It was great fun, very entertaining and a good sign for future wars in Africa and the med in the grand campaign. We played for about 7 hours straght, no crashes, no lag, no nothing so stable so smooth. Munster and myself have played for another 20 hours in MP with no crashes as well.

This is by far the best game Paradox has every released, there is no comparision. HOI 2 is destained to be one of the all time classic computer games.
 

Elijah

Estimated Prophet
3 Badges
Mar 6, 2001
910
0
Visit site
  • Europa Universalis III
  • Europa Universalis IV
  • 500k Club
husky65 said:
That simply is not the case.

an example would be 2 way Sattelite broadband, the bandwidth may be great, but the pings can be huge (signal going up to geo synch and back in both directions).

Standard home ISDN is the opposite example, only 128k in each direction, but excellent pings (digital connection from the PC to the ISP).

Basically it comes down to how well written the network code is and how much info has to be transmitted by, and to, the clients.

Does anyone actually know if HoI2 is more dependent on Ping speed or bandwidth?

The host needs lots of upload bandwith as well as plenty of memory, at least 512 meg. (and the faster the better)
 

Mad Mac

Sergeant
36 Badges
Jan 10, 2003
94
0
Visit site
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Expansion Pass
  • Crusader Kings II: Way of Life
  • Crusader Kings II: Horse Lords
  • Crusader Kings II: Conclave
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Cadet
  • Crusader Kings II: Reapers Due
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Together for Victory
  • Crusader Kings II: Monks and Mystics
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Death or Dishonor
  • 500k Club
  • Crusader Kings II: Holy Fury
  • Imperator: Rome
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Expansion Pass
  • Hearts of Iron IV: La Resistance
  • Crusader Kings III
  • Battle for Bosporus
  • Hearts of Iron IV: By Blood Alone
  • Hearts of Iron IV: No Step Back
  • Europa Universalis IV
  • Crusader Kings II: Charlemagne
  • Crusader Kings II: Legacy of Rome
  • Crusader Kings II: The Old Gods
  • Crusader Kings II: Rajas of India
  • Crusader Kings II: The Republic
  • Crusader Kings II: Sons of Abraham
  • Crusader Kings II: Sunset Invasion
  • Crusader Kings II: Sword of Islam
  • Crusader Kings II
  • Europa Universalis IV: Conquest of Paradise
  • Europa Universalis IV: Wealth of Nations
  • Europa Universalis IV: Call to arms event
  • For the Motherland
  • Hearts of Iron III
  • Hearts of Iron III: Their Finest Hour
  • Europa Universalis IV: Res Publica
  • Semper Fi
The Albatross said:
Eureka - my copy of HOI 2 was in my PO Box in Portland at 0900 this morning - the forum has been jammed all day, so others around the planet have no doubt been getting theirs too......so check your mail people, because yours will not be far away now.

Have been dabbling a bit - game looks and feels terrific - the graphics are in some parts similar (IMHO) but overall much better than HOI 1 and there are heaps of new features to learn.

On on....

Cheers :p

Portland Victoria???? I assume that you either work for or someone you know works for the Alcoa smelter. I'm actually heading there in early Feb to do some work. Small world.
 

Mad Mac

Sergeant
36 Badges
Jan 10, 2003
94
0
Visit site
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Expansion Pass
  • Crusader Kings II: Way of Life
  • Crusader Kings II: Horse Lords
  • Crusader Kings II: Conclave
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Cadet
  • Crusader Kings II: Reapers Due
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Together for Victory
  • Crusader Kings II: Monks and Mystics
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Death or Dishonor
  • 500k Club
  • Crusader Kings II: Holy Fury
  • Imperator: Rome
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Expansion Pass
  • Hearts of Iron IV: La Resistance
  • Crusader Kings III
  • Battle for Bosporus
  • Hearts of Iron IV: By Blood Alone
  • Hearts of Iron IV: No Step Back
  • Europa Universalis IV
  • Crusader Kings II: Charlemagne
  • Crusader Kings II: Legacy of Rome
  • Crusader Kings II: The Old Gods
  • Crusader Kings II: Rajas of India
  • Crusader Kings II: The Republic
  • Crusader Kings II: Sons of Abraham
  • Crusader Kings II: Sunset Invasion
  • Crusader Kings II: Sword of Islam
  • Crusader Kings II
  • Europa Universalis IV: Conquest of Paradise
  • Europa Universalis IV: Wealth of Nations
  • Europa Universalis IV: Call to arms event
  • For the Motherland
  • Hearts of Iron III
  • Hearts of Iron III: Their Finest Hour
  • Europa Universalis IV: Res Publica
  • Semper Fi
mike8472 said:
Nolan, Munster and myself tried out a combat scenario last night, the North Africa campaign. It was great fun, very entertaining and a good sign for future wars in Africa and the med in the grand campaign. We played for about 7 hours straght, no crashes, no lag, no nothing so stable so smooth. Munster and myself have played for another 20 hours in MP with no crashes as well.

This is by far the best game Paradox has every released, there is no comparision. HOI 2 is destained to be one of the all time classic computer games.

I still haven't received my copy as of yet. Hopefully today. Then all I have to do is convert my computer's power supply to Aussie, and I'll be good to go. Can't wait, the game sounds incredible.
 

mike8472

Field Marshal
40 Badges
Feb 9, 2003
3.766
347
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Expansion Pass
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Death or Dishonor
  • Stellaris: Synthetic Dawn
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Expansion Pass
  • Stellaris: Humanoids Species Pack
  • Stellaris: Apocalypse
  • Stellaris: Distant Stars Pre-Order
  • Stellaris: Distant Stars
  • Stellaris: Megacorp
  • Imperator: Rome
  • Stellaris - Path to Destruction bundle
  • Imperator: Rome Sign Up
  • Stellaris: Ancient Relics
  • Stellaris: Lithoids
  • Hearts of Iron IV: La Resistance
  • Stellaris: Federations
  • Battle for Bosporus
  • Stellaris: Necroids
  • Stellaris: Nemesis
  • Hearts of Iron IV: No Step Back
  • Europa Universalis IV: Pre-order
  • Europa Universalis III
  • Europa Universalis IV
  • Hearts of Iron III
  • Victoria: Revolutions
  • Supreme Ruler 2020
  • Victoria 2
  • Victoria 2: A House Divided
  • Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness
  • 500k Club
  • Hearts of Iron II: Armageddon
  • Stellaris
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris Sign-up
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Cadet
  • Stellaris: Digital Anniversary Edition
  • Stellaris: Leviathans Story Pack
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Together for Victory
Game is great mad mac.

Major Ball, Nolan, Munster and Myself started a MP game last night.

Major Ball = Soviet Union
Munster = Italy
Nolan = UK
Mike8472 = Germany

1936 Grand Campaign.

Last night was spent just getting started and talking to each other about alot of the features making sure everyone has found all the basic stuff. As we discovery more features or options we will inform the other guys.

We made it till mid 1936, only a two hour session. Tonight were starting at 7 so should be a good 4 hour session.

A few things ive noticed in MP.

1. Gamespeed is slower at the equivilant speed in HOI.
2. When at war eg Japan vs China or the start of war in europe game speed has to be slower and remain slower as now there are so many combats farm ore then HOI.

You can imagaine, setting most of your fighters to patrol certain areas intercepting enemy planes all the time. Setting fleets on patrol of sea zones, send naval bombers on strike missions, plus all your own land combats and airforces supporting the land forces.
3. There is alot more to do in peace time through diplomacy.

Anyway more later after next session.
 

unmerged(8000)

Captain
Feb 28, 2002
398
0
homepages.paradise.net.nz
Hey, recently recieved my copy of the game. Am still getting used to it but would definately be keen for a game with you aussies from over here on the shaky isles. Just have to figure out way to aviod my LAN gateways uber firewall.

p.s. I have dedicated 2mbit connection

Cheers, Bart
 
Last edited:

The Albatross

Major
11 Badges
Feb 6, 2003
788
175
Visit site
  • Hearts of Iron Anthology
  • Europa Universalis III
  • Europa Universalis IV
  • Europa Universalis IV: Wealth of Nations
  • For the Motherland
  • Hearts of Iron III
  • Hearts of Iron III: Their Finest Hour
  • Semper Fi
  • 500k Club
  • Hearts of Iron IV Sign-up
  • Stellaris Sign-up
Welcome to Portland VIC

Mad Mac said:
Portland Victoria???? I assume that you either work for or someone you know works for the Alcoa smelter. I'm actually heading there in early Feb to do some work. Small world.

Hi Mad Mac,
I don't work for the smelter, but yes, I know some people who do. PM me with your contact details on arrival....how long will you be down this way???

This could be interesting - perhaps we could get into an MP game with the AUS group, whilst sitting next to the esky.....and having a few tinnies...discussing Grand Strategy !!

BTW question to Major, Munster, Nolan and Mike - are any of you using the 256/64 ADSL connection. I read in one of the threads that 512/128 is better - I have held off playing MP because of this.
Anyway, I upgrade to the 512/128 on Feb 1 - so am looking forward to joining an MP game sometime around then.

Good to hear the lack of CTD's too!!!

Cheers
:cool:
 

mike8472

Field Marshal
40 Badges
Feb 9, 2003
3.766
347
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Expansion Pass
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Death or Dishonor
  • Stellaris: Synthetic Dawn
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Expansion Pass
  • Stellaris: Humanoids Species Pack
  • Stellaris: Apocalypse
  • Stellaris: Distant Stars Pre-Order
  • Stellaris: Distant Stars
  • Stellaris: Megacorp
  • Imperator: Rome
  • Stellaris - Path to Destruction bundle
  • Imperator: Rome Sign Up
  • Stellaris: Ancient Relics
  • Stellaris: Lithoids
  • Hearts of Iron IV: La Resistance
  • Stellaris: Federations
  • Battle for Bosporus
  • Stellaris: Necroids
  • Stellaris: Nemesis
  • Hearts of Iron IV: No Step Back
  • Europa Universalis IV: Pre-order
  • Europa Universalis III
  • Europa Universalis IV
  • Hearts of Iron III
  • Victoria: Revolutions
  • Supreme Ruler 2020
  • Victoria 2
  • Victoria 2: A House Divided
  • Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness
  • 500k Club
  • Hearts of Iron II: Armageddon
  • Stellaris
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris Sign-up
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Cadet
  • Stellaris: Digital Anniversary Edition
  • Stellaris: Leviathans Story Pack
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Together for Victory
A Good session last night, got us through to nearly 1938. Game speed as slowed down due to the Jap vs China war has created some minor lag issues.

No CTD, no bugs. One issue was raised, and that is the potential abuse by human players of the trade system. For instance if we had a Human US player, they could send the UK all the resources it needs even thought Germay is blockading them and sink lots of UK convoys. There for making fighting the Battle of the Atlantic redundent. Im sure we will come up with a solution in the future when we need to.

I can see once we move to a 6 player game, it will take longer to reach war. Due to the slightly higher demand on bandwidth and also i suspect the China war will take longer to resovle. There is also more to do for players through diplomancy anyway that is very important fpr the war years.

Another session tonight starting at 9pm.