Notes from ‘Hamlet and Radu IV, A Comparison of Gifted Sons’: Doctoral Thesis, Porter Hopson, University of Bienville
Part Two – The Field of Flowers
The contending forces who met in opposition on the Field of Flowers were not armies in any modern sense. Local headmen and petty nobles might have some armor, arms, and a horse. Wealthier nobles would have mounted warriors who were sworn to their service, and footmen and squires as well. Middling and great nobles would have their own banners and standards, and their men moved where those banners went. There were no standardized unit sizes or weapon types, and on both sides could be found men in gorgeous plate and men in rags with scythes.
As to command structure, there was little. On the Polish side, Count Zygmunt did not command so much as preside, and it may be helpful to think of the Polish army as more a collection of semi-autonomous war bands than as a unified national force. There were hundreds of nobles great and small, all touchy and prideful and quick to anger, all having to be coaxed along by the camp marshals. These few marshals provided what little administrative staff there was, riding ceaselessly up and down the straggling columns, attempting to keep the army moving in the right direction while not damaging any of the delicate egos.
The Moldavian army was not a paid, permanent force like the Wallachian legions. Like the Polish army, it was formed of nobles who owed service to Prince Stefan along with their associates and retainers, and whatever mercenaries could be scraped up and paid. Unlike the Poles, however, these men had been on campaign together, and recently. They knew and respected their Prince, and knew and trusted each other.
From the few accounts that have come down to us (the Record of the heralds is of great interest), we can make some assumptions about the armies. Almost all accounts agree that they were roughly equal in size; most modern estimates range from 15,000 to 20,000. They were similarly equipped as far as weapons, but the accounts agree that the Polish force had rather more cavalry and the Moldavians fielded mostly infantry.
The field itself – the famous Field of Flowers – was a long, wide meadow carpeted with wildflowers, apparently flat but in reality sloping gently down toward the Dniester in the distance. The Record refers to it as a fit ground for tourney, and that meant it must have been wide and deep, fairly flat and nearly level, even of surface and mostly free of trees. It was ideal country for a knightly tourney, or for a battle whose fate would turn on knightly prowess. Stefan, knowing the country better, had taken up position near the southern end and made camp on the previous day.
The day itself began foggy and wet, clearing as the day lengthened toward noon. The ground was reasonably dry, though mucky in the slight depression down the center of the meadow. Not a serious obstacle in itself, it would nevertheless restrict any cavalry action to the left and right sides.
Both commanders deployed their troops in conventional array. The Poles clumped in three blocs, headed by Count Pawel on the Polish left, Zygmunt in the center and Tomasz on the right. Prince Stefan split his footmen into blocs in left, center and right and split his small cavalry, putting half on the outside of each flank.
There is a tendency to romanticize the pomp and pageantry of these late medieval battles – the flags and banners, gleaming weapons and armor, heralds and trumpets and the gorgeous nobility. The truth is less palatable: the stinks of manure and slaughtered livestock mixed with the stench of men who had not bathed or changed clothes in weeks or months. The camps sprawled in a disorderly riot, the banners were drab and smoke-stained and torn and the gorgeous nobles were prideful, quarrelsome and infested with fleas and lice. And over it all was the roar of some forty thousand men plus camp followers: armorers and blacksmiths, food-sellers, horse-handlers, prostitutes and cooks all plying their trades.
While the heralds were enumerating the complaints of each party and jotting down the names of the greater nobles on each side, the Poles were struggling to organize. Every noble, it seemed, had reasons why he and his party should be in the forefront: some of these reasons were fanciful or outright inventions, others dated back centuries. Other nobles refused to serve under or alongside those with whom they had feuds that might be generations or centuries old. The situation on the Moldavian side was only better because Prince Stefan had sent some nobles home, forbidden others to duel during the campaign and threatened more than a few with the royal displeasure.
Stefan had no intention of attacking but feared the Poles would not. If they declined battle, his infantry would be unable to force their cavalry to give battle and if the Poles split into marauding bands, his infantry would be unable to catch them. The Poles, for their part, had no conception of any operation except battle and no battle plan except a straight-forward plunge with massed mounted knights.
The first wave of Polish cavalry got underway just before noon; the left wing first and the right a few minutes later. Less a charge than a great thundering shamble, this first wave was comprised of the highest nobility. As each wanted to be first into battle, they blew out their horses before reaching the Moldavian lines. Even so, the moral and physical impact almost bowled the infantry over. Prince Stephan shuttled a small reserve of bowmen from one threatened spot to another and led a mounted counter-charge himself.
These heroic bowmen were not, as legend would have it, Genoese crossbowmen. They were equipped with crossbows and they may have some of them been Italian, but their claim to Genoese training is certainly no more than mercenaries puffing up their resume in hopes of higher pay.
In any event, they helped turn the tide and the first great Polish flood went trickling back toward their starting lines. At least one source claims that Count Zygmunt was dejected by the failure of the great assault; in any event, some few minutes passed while the leader of the Poles sat irresolute. We will, in any case, never know what he intended to do, for one of his subordinates made the decision for him.
Even Polish nobles who were provably elsewhere or even yet unborn have claimed to be the Bannered Rider. Available evidence of his actual identity is nil and it is certain that he did not survive the charge that followed.
Riding out in front of the Polish host, a lone rider galloped back and forth before his fellows, waving a crimson banner and taunting them. The Polish right wing grew increasingly disordered and excited until men began moving forward. Gaining in numbers and momentum they rolled forward across the lush grass and wildflowers and crashed into the Moldavian infantry. A furious melee ensued and Stefan committed his reserves and, finally, his cavalry on the left.
The second battle of the Polish left wing, therefore, found little resistance when it routed the small group of Moldavian cavalry on that wing, scattering them into the distance. Reforming and wheeling to attack the infantry in their flank, the Poles could have crippled or destroyed the Moldavian army and sealed the campaign as a triumph.
Instead, they went haring off in hot pursuit of the fleeing Moldavian knights, allowing Stefan to draw reinforcements into the melee on his left. Exhausted, the Poles eventually withdrew to their starting lines and the Moldavians made ready for a third charge… which never came. After a cheerless night on the now-trampled field and the dawn sight of the Moldavians grimly standing to arms, the Polish army abandoned the campaign to return home.
Leaving behind, in the words of the ballad ‘Flowers Wild Do Grow’,
- ‘the flowers of nature’s nobility,
covered oer’ by the death of chivalry.’
The great victor in all of this was Prince Radu of Wallachia, whose first campaign had met with success in all three theaters.