The OP, I think, pretty much bang on as regards the history of the region.
It would be appropriate, I think, to move the Levantines to the Byzantine culture group and have a "melting pot" even where Arabs ruling Levantine Provinces can become "Levantine Arab".
I'm not sure you can justify splitting the cultures up, though, we only have one "Norse" culture and one "Anglo Saxon" culture. I could reasonably say that the Anglo-Saxons should be split into Angles and Saxons and Jutes in the CM and Old-Gods start and "Anglo-Saxon" should only appear once there's a King ruling both Angles and Saxons, so I think in the terms of the game one "Levantine" culture is appropriate but it should be grounded with the Greeks, not the Arabs.
Not really, that i can agree with this approach of argumentation.
The level of differentiation lays on the cultural backgrounds. Angles and Saxons in this regard are of the same background, entirely, as we speak of the northern germanic culture near the coast of the North Sea, with regards to the north-germanic tribes which migrated to the british isle. Same goes here with Jutes and Frisians, i would say, even their languages at the time weren't very different, their religion and lifestyle in whole marginally different.
In conclusion, only the dynastical view and historical immersion would be enhanced with such differentiations - but, i'm for that idea, as for the latter items. But, merely a low priority.
The Levante item of the OP lays otherwise to that kind of differentiation of Angles, Saxons, etc.
Along this sample - would be my suggestion, should be seen all differentiations of culture-names, properties and game-mechanics.
The list is long for CK2 in this regard.
Shall i start with "German" in all of HRE regions in CK2?
A time, where very rarely the term "German" (or only relates to this term) was existent in historical sources?
And all these collected people as "German" had in reality (until today) pretty different cultures, where, example, a north-german culture is much more familiar natively with a danish or west-frisian (aka netherlandish) than to a bavarian or swabian etc.?
Edit:
Remember, "german" is not even to "germanic".
Possibly only the modern german language makes the difference obvious. Here "german" is "deutsch", "Germany" is "Deutschland".
The old latin term used by Rome for the areas right of the river Rhine were called "Germania", thus its people were called "germanic", if they have been thrown together in descriptions rather than to use its several wholly diffferent tribes or tribe-names.
This has or had nothing to do with the term "german" which we have to day in usage.
Term "Deutsch" comes from terms like italian Tedesco, or merely the old-german term "diutisc", indo-germanic "teuta" (celtic: thiuda), which meant: belonging to the folk.
What does that all mean?
A term like "German" in CK2 is just wrong used, at least for the understanding of a german with historical knowledge. Better would be, if that kind of term change shall be used, just "germanic" (or east-frankish for medieval times, but i believe we have that already set as differentiation in CK2).
Iirc., the term "German" aka "deutsch" or "Deutschland" appeared seriously first in the 18th/19th century, the time of the nation-erections in middle-europe aka german lands.
Edit: Well, former statement relates to the nation-building time. Term "deutsch" as a term used by the inhabitants of medieval german lands probably appeared firstly in the middle of the 11th century.
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