1941-1942 – Long Live the Revolution
When the Germans arrived on the Western Front in large numbers in the late summer of 1941 they found their French allies in a state of total collapse. Halting the Allied charge into the heart of Europe in the Alps and along the Seine, they looked to address the problems that had led to the failure to resist the Allied invasion. Unable to rely upon their French allies, the VSVR’s army seized direct control over the remains of the French state and her collapsing army in an effort to restore a semblance of order to the frontline. This marked the effective dissolution of the International as a joint Franco-German partnership, henceforth the revolution would be a Teutonic affair. Their authority cemented, the VSVR military leadership planned a bold mechanised offensive to sweep the American back. This attack exploded into life in late September 1941 – panzer tanks leading the way in ranging attacks that pushed all the way to Bordeaux and Marseilles, dividing the Allies armies into many small pockets scattered across France’s shores and forcing them into a series of chaotic evacuations.
The Americans were able to gain some respite in the winter months when they fended off a number of German attempts to force the Pyrennes in November and December. Yet when they did finally push over the mountains in January, the Allied position in Iberia soon became untenable – the Germans racing across Andalucia as the Allies scrambled to rescue what forces they could from the European continent before it was too late. By February all that was left of the Allied landings were a few enclaves in Portugal – where local partisans and American commandos held firm even as after the large majority of the Allied army had fled. In just a few months the International had completely reversed all of the Allied continental gains of 1941.
Globally, this was a period of unrelenting successes for the International. In Africa, a series of major anti-colonial revolts originating in the Great Lakes, Rift Valley and Horn of Africa broke out beginning in mid-1941 that quickly escalated to threaten European power throughout the East African region. Receiving aid from India and the International, these rebels were well armed and caused terror in Alexandria after Ethiopian troops invaded Sudan, threatening Egypt itself.
A continent away in South America, socialists seized power in Brazil in a coup in November 1941 and cast themselves into the war by proclaiming their loyalty to the International – opening hostilities with the Allies. As South America’s leading power, Brazil’s entry into the war held back many states that might otherwise have joined the Allies in sympathy with the Americans, fearing a direct confrontation close to home. The Brazilians would also make the South Atlantic a more dangerous place for the Allies, with their fleet praying on vessels sailing through the area. With losses mounting from their botched campaigns in Europe, the Allies lacked the resources to do little more than campaign this new threat.
In Asia, the arrival of India into the war had a sizeable impact on the balance of power. In South East Asia, the Indians reached an accord with the Japanese that divided the Papal colonies in the region between them – along a line of control in central Burma. To the west, the Indian army overwhelmed Papal defences in the Indus Valley in the summer of 1941, where they were greeted as liberators. They found the advance into the Pashtun lands beyond the Khyber Pass far more challenging, were tough terrain, suspicious natives, the lack of the element of surprise and better organised Papal resistance slowed their advance to a crawl. A full year into their participation in the conflict, Kabul and Herat remained in Papal control – ironically their last strongholds east of Arabia. The battle with the Russians told a similar story. After routing the Russians and Uighurs from Kashmir in the opening months of the war, progress stalled. The Russians already had a vast garrison in Central Asia, where it had been deployed to ward over the rebellious Tatars and Mongols, and these were rushed to the front. In the impossibly tough conditions of the Hindu Kush, these troops locked the Indians in a slow war of attrition among the highest peaks of the world. Further north, the Indians notably looked to stir disquiet among the large Hindu populations of Central Asia and the Steppe. Most of Central Asia’s cities had large populations of Hindu Persians and ethnic Indians, while the Mongols were numerous throughout the region – all were generally hostile to the Russian regime, none more so than those Mongols who had been expelled from their homes in Muscovy during the 1920s Felaket, and proved easy recruiting grounds Indian agents seeking to organise rebel bands.
In the Balkans, period between the summer of 1941 and the spring of 1942 was crucial. Having suffered tremendous losses in the first half of 1941, the Eurasian League sought to dig in around two goals – holding on to Constantinople, and preserving a fortified line across the upland terrain of northern Greece. Around both key objectives a mixture of Greek, Serbian and Russian troops were heavily dug in and were able to halt the advancing socialists in their tracks. What followed was a slow effort to break the will of the defends through the rest of 1941 through massive aerial and artillery bombardment and constant probing attacks. The International breakthrough would not arrive until February 1942 when German mountaineers pierced through Greek lines the western coastline and advanced rapidly southwards. In danger of being cut off and under concerted pressure, the Eurasians withdrew from their defensive line and the key city of Thessalonica towards Attica. While they succeeded in saving Athens from falling, most of Greece had been lost.
The siege of Constantinople was a more protracted process. With Eurasian forces heavy concentrated in the city and able to keep it in good supply through their control of the waterways in the Bosporus, it was a formidable prospect. After a series of unsuccessful attempts to storm the great city in the summer months, the International set in for a lengthy siege. They focussed their energies in using their air power to disrupt the city’s supply over the Bosporus – pushing the 100,000 defenders, and millions of civilian residents, towards desperation. This tactic began to make its impact felt over the winter months, when hunger started to set in as the Eurasians struggled to keep sufficient resources flowing across the water. After months under siege, the Serbs and Russians carried out an impressively orderly withdrawal in March 1942, abandoning Constantinople to the revolution but keeping their army intact.
It the far north, while Scandinavia had appeared to be at the brink of surrender in mid-1941 after a long retreat from Finland and the far north, their situation improved markedly in the second half of the year. Conducting an orderly withdrawal from Norway, they inflicted a number of defeats on the Russians in Skane – securing their control over the southern tip of Sweden despite constant Russian attacks through to the summer months of 1942. Crucially, while the Russians had been gradually drawing troops from the area to bolster their armies on other fronts, Scandinavia’s continued resistance kept a large army tied down in the region.
On the most important of all fronts, the Germans carried forward their momentum from the first half of the year on the Eastern Front, albeit at a slower pace. In July and August they pushed the Russians out of Lithuania and Courland – only being halted by the Daugava River. Their gains in other sectors were more modest. In Ruthenia, the Russians fought back fiercely, attempting a series of counterattacks and fighting for every bald of grass. These battles kept the reds away from the immediate vicinity of Kiev, but failed to protect Minsk, which fell in November. In the south, the International’s armies made gradual gains, capturing the last Russian holding on the Carpathians and advancing through Moldavia to secure the key Black Sea port of Odessa.
The capture of Minsk in November marked the last major socialist victory of the year. As the ground froze for winter, major offensive operations were suspended, even as probing attacks continued throughout the cold months. One notable success through the winter came at Smolensk, which was captured in February after a portion of the Russian front in Ruthenia lost ground amid mutinies by Tatar soldiers.
During this time the International had been preparing for a major summer offensive that, it was hoped, would strike a decisive blow against the Russians. Across the open fields of southern Ukraine, the German panzer armies pierced Russian lines and raced as far east an Mariupol. In the north, the socialists advanced on a broad front eastward from North Ruthenia, pushing significantly beyond the Dnieper. Crucially, the placed a choke hold around the city of Kiev – the Russian capital isolated as the last major Russian bastion west of the Dnieper river. These advances had come at huge cost in terms of life and material, stretching supply lines and the strength of the German army to its limit. But, with the gates of Kiev in sight, a tangible chance of victory was in hand.
With the encirclement of Kiev now a likelihood, and its capture a strong possibility many elements of the Russian government were seeking to evacuate themselves from the capital in chaotic fashion. When Makarov himself was called upon to leave the city he furiously dismissed the suggestion, enigmatically remarking “I shall go out with a dagger between my teeth, a bomb in my hand and infinite scorn in my heart”. The Vozhd would go down with his ship. In Kiev, beset by the hellfire of an entire continent and under assault from a seemingly invincible army, an almost apocalyptic atmosphere took hold. The regime mobolised every able bodied soul who could hold a rifle, old men and boys alike, to man the lines while Radical propaganda blared out across the city exhorting the Russians to battle on to the last and the great dictator himself was seen parading the street in an effort to rally his people for the fight.
In October the Germans crossed the Dnieper to the south east of Kiev and linked up with their comrades to the north of the Russian capital at Chernigov. Kiev was now cut off entirely from the rest of the Republic. The fate of the world would rest of the outcome of the battle to come.