The last 10 years of Manuel I’s reign were a decade of humiliation for the Emperor. The devastating loss of Italy to the Papal Empire was too much for the Imperial populace to handle. The last decade of Manuel I’s life was spent in the palace of Constantinople. He rarely left the palace grounds, fearing the insults and glares that would be thrown at him. He died quietly in his great palace on February 19th 1180. He was succeeded by his young son Alexios II Komnenos, who was just about able to reign at the age of 13. The coronation of the teenage Emperor was much celebrated. With a name like Alexios, the Empire thought he would grow to become like Alexios I The Great and redeem the mistakes of his father. If one thing was sure, it was the fact that the young 13-year old would rule the Empire for a long time.
A depiction of the boy-Emperor Alexios II
During the 21-year reign of Manuel I, the ever-changing face of Europe, predictably, changed. The Kingdom Of Castille went to war with Aragon and Leon simultaneously. And, almost miraculously, their strategic king led his armies to victory over both Iberian nations. This led to some significant expansion for Castille, while Leon and Aragon were severely weakened and both their sizes roughly cut in half.
A Castilian general proclaiming his dominance over an Aragonese town
Another fairly large change was the Lotharingian conquest of North Africa. During the War of Stone, the Lotharingian army campaigned throughout the North African coast, after defeating the Orthodox. Their conquest of the area, however, took much longer than the Papal-Orthodox War. From 1170 to 1175, Lotharingian troops were repeatedly reinforced from the Lotharingian mainland.
The conquest of the desert was much harder than expected. The African Muslims put up a tough resistance against the Lotharingians. The desert climate helped the natives, who knew what to wear and how to fight in the desert. Companies of Lotharingian soldiers routinely got lost in the Sahara, only to be ambushed and massacred by native bandits. Eventually, the Imperial organization, sheer numbers, and weapons of the Lotharingians won out over the Saharans, and Algeria and Libya were in the hands of the Lotharingian Empire. Within days of the news, the Pope sent orders to the Lotharingian Emperor to convert the populace of North Africa to Catholicism.