Operation Bifröst – planning
May 1948
Bifröst - painting by Arthur Rackham
The decision to intervene against the United States was made in late 1947. From German perspective a war against the U.S. was not desirable, certainly not so soon after the end of the last world war, but it was necessary. The growing strength of the U.S. economy, improving technology, increasing military, naval and air production, development of the nuclear weapon and the demonstrated willingness to use it first against German ex-allies had persuaded German leaders that the U.S. threat must be eliminated while Germany still had the strength to face it. The decision not to demobilize the armored and mechanized formations after the victory in WW2 had proven to be a very good one.
Throughout early 1948, Germany had begun secret preparations for war. The frequency of field maneuvers had increased, training of new recruits had been intensified, experienced officers and NCOs have been put in charge of new units in order to increase their combat effectiveness. Aside from organization and doctrinal reforms, Wehrmacht received brand new weapons: StG 47 assault rifle for the infantry, which had also adopted new camouflage pattern based on the one previously used solely by the Waffen-SS units, newly designed “main battle tanks”, combining the speed and maneuverability of medium tanks with bigger gun and stronger armor of heavy tanks, for the armored corps, modern tracked armored personnel carriers for the mechanized infantry, new trucks to upgrade general infantry to motorized infantry, jet-powered fighters, interceptors and bombers for the air force and so forth. Even the long neglected navy had been expanded and upgraded with new light cruisers, destroyers and also brand new class of very long range U-Boots.
Wehrmacht recruits with new StG 47 assault rifles
While the soldiers were familiarizing themselves with the new weapons and training new tactical elements, German military planners struggled to find a way how to get them to the battlefield. The logistical problems of transporting and supplying such a huge force thousands of kilometers across the Atlantic were intimidating. Indeed, some of the commanders involved in the planning process argued that if Americans actually defended their eastern seaboard like Germany had defended the coast of France in the last war, the landing would have been made completely impossible. It was a huge risk even without American defenders on every beach, so the whole operation remained top secret and the plans were revealed only to very few officers.
Me 262 "Schwalbe", chief German air dominance fighter
The chief problem was the American naval superiority. Despite the best Abwehr efforts, Germans were not sure how large was the U.S. Atlantic fleet and what ships it included. They had to hope that Kriegsmarine and its two main fleets, the Carrier fleet and the Surface strike fleet, would be capable of defending their long range transport vessels. For this reason, the invasion would have to be quick; the troops must be landed fast so that the transport ships can get to safety.
The operation Bifröst (the codename was suggested by the Institute of Paranormal Research [formerly Heinrich Himmler’s Institute of Occult Sciences] for unknown reasons and it is not known who exactly had come with it first) would be led by general
Albert Kesselring. Kesselring had previously took part in operation Seelöwe and had later served in Britain where he successfully repelled the last desperate American attempts to liberate Britain by landing their troops in eastern and southern England.. It was deemed that he knows both how to conduct amphibious invasions and how to stop them, which could be very useful in this campaign.
Operation Bifröst - plan
After much debate, it was decided that the best place where to invade is the Boston area in Massachusetts. Boston was a major port which would be instrumental for keeping the German forces supplied; also the beaches north and south of the city were reasonably suitable for this kind of amphibious landing. Kesselring’s plan included landing 5 divisions in the first wave, two mountain divisions north of Boston near the towns of Glouchester and Manchester, two marine divisions south near the small port of Plymouth and one marine division at Cape Cod. After receiving reinforcements (2 more mountain divisions and the Fallshirmjägers), these forces would first cut off and then clear up Boston and open its port for German ships. Then the armored, motorized and mechanized units would be shipped in and advance deeper inland. Concurrently with Operation Bifröst, another landing would be made in Bermuda Island chain to secure it as new base of operations for Kriegsmarine and ressupply depot.
Nuclear warhead for German V2-3 ballistic missiles
Göring also made a fateful decision and authorized limited use of nuclear weapons. Despite the opposition from many Wehrmacht generals, who argued that by using nuclear weapons, Germany would “lower itself to the same level of barbarism as the Americans”, Göring came to conclusion that if this invasion was about to succeed, a complete surprise must be achieved. Nuclear weapons, he said, would paralyze the Americans for a period of time long enough to take hold in America. By the time the Americans would realize what happened, German panzers would be rolling through American countryside. On the other hand, he refused the calls of some other officers, usually those coming from Waffen-SS background, to use most of Germany’s modest nuclear arsenal to level every major city on the East Coast and in Great Lakes region to cripple the U.S. economy – which would, as they argued, undoubtedly force the Americans to surrender. “Grossdeutches Reich wants the American cities intact, not in ruins,” he laughed at them during the briefings, “most of them anyway...”
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