Excursion Two: The Norman Kingdom At The Dawn Of the Twelfth Century
This first map above shows the development of the Norman realm from King Bohemond’s ascension to the throne in 1080 right up to the beginning of the 12th century.
This map shows the royal demesne and the lands of the immediate vassals of the crown. King Bohemond himself holds the hereditary core territories of the Norman realm in Apulia and the wealthy eastern half of Sicily with the large cities of Messina and Siracusa and Palermo, his favourite residence. He has recently also acquired extensive holdings in western North Africa and he does also retain a foothold on both the north Italian and the east African frontiers.
The King’s principal vassal is of course his son, crown prince Herman, Duke of Sicily; the prince’s holdings are spread out from western Sicily to North Africa and are marked out in pink. The vassal who holds the largest tracts of land is Duke Serlo of Leptis Magna, Regent of Africa; his lands sit astride the center of North Africa and are marked in blue. The Duke is approaching sixty and still without child, so his extensive lands will most probably fall to Duke Arsenio of Calabria, whose own lands in southern Italy are marked in purple. This will create a powerful double duchy and a potentially dangerous situation for King Bohemond, as Duke Arsenio is the son of Abelard de Hauteville, more than forty years ago cheated out of inheriting the lordship over the Italian Normans by Robert Guiscard. Another great baron with a claim on the Norman throne, though much less dangerous, is King Bohemond’s drunkard brother Duke Roger Borsa of Campania. Duke Roger’s holdings, coloured green, are extensive, but deliberately scatterd by the King from Italy to Africa and thus difficult to rule and oversee. As Duke Roger Borsa has no legitimate sons his lands seem bound to one day devolve back upon Bohemond or Bohemond’s successor.
The least pwerful of the dukes of the house of Hauteville is Mauger de Hauteville, Duke of Benevento, whose landlocked Italian lands are marked in yellow. The one great baron of the realm who is neither Norman nor Hauteville is the King’s brother-in-law Renaud de Joigny, Duke of the Marches; his holdings are coloured light blue. Pious Duke Renaud is an influential man, and he has managed to further secure his influence by marrying his daughter to the crown prince. One of Duke Renaud’s neighbours is the King’s bastard son Silvester; his county of Siena is marked in red. The final – and poorest – great vassal of the King is the Count Philippe, lord of the impoverished African county of Senoussi, coloured orange.
This map shows each county’s single religion with the most adherents. Catholicism is marked in white, Orthodoxy in brown and Islam in green; areas outside Norman control are not filled in solidly.
The south of Italy, once predominantly Orthodox, is by now mostly Catholic. This is a direct result of the many religiously fueled insurrections of the Orthodox Christians during King Bohemond’s first decade and the Norman king’s very brutal retaliation. The same fate has befallen the Muslims of Sicily who were also greatly reduced in number because of them joining the Orthodox rebellion. Africa with its almost completely Muslim population does still adhere in its majority to Islam, but the harsh policies of King Bohemond have led to Catholicism making a few inroads here as well. This is not so much due to any pressure to convert but due to more and more mosques being closed – it is a standing order of King Bohemond that any Muslim preacher doing so much as alluding against the Norman rule is to be hanged and any mosque where even the least anti-Norman preaching takes place is to be razed to the ground.
This map shows all areas of trouble or unrest in the Norman realm at the very dawn of the 12th century. The areas marked in red have to deal with more or less open insurrection against Norman rule, mostly religiously fueled. The area marked in yellow, corresponding to Duke Roger Borsa’s county of Salerno, has currently to contend with a dangerous epidemic.
Above is a breakdown of the dynasty as of January 1st 1101. The most glorious Hauteville ever is King Bohemond himself, followed by his father King Robert who is in turn followed by Duke Serlo. There is a huge gap in glory between Serlo and the next most glorious living Hautevilles – Bohemond’s two adult sons who are almost equal in glory. The least glorious living and title-holding Hauteville is Duke Roger Borsa.
If you look at the failiy’s trait and cancel out opposing ones you see that the Hautevilles are first and foremost Energetic and Selfish (9 each) and then Cruel and Valorous (5 each). Other traits to be found with slightly increased frequency in the dynasty are Arbitrary, Vengeful, Wise and Trusting (3 each). Not single known Hauteville is either a Coward, Lazy, Modest or Indulgent, and neither the Chaste nor the Lustful trait is present among them. Concerning their aptitudes, the Hautevilles are first and foremost warriors, and very good ones at that (11 Martial educational traits, 4 of them Brilliant Strategist, 0 Misguided Warrior). A few feel drawn towards politics and commerce, and they are only middingly competent at it (12 Diplomacy/intrigue/Stewardship educational traits altogether, 2 of them of the best type and 4 of the worst type). The few Hautevilles who feel drawn to the Church do all cling to their family’s martial tradition (5 ecclesiastical educational traits, all of them Martial Cleric).
So the Hautevilles are a family of energetic, selfish, valorous and cruel warriors. The purest and most extreme specimen of this character type seems to be Princess Yolanda de Hauteville, even though she is a woman and thus no warrior.
Above you see the three most glorious and famous Hautevilles ever – Bohemond, Rbert Guiscard and Serlo. Note the increase of chivalry from Bohemond over Robert to Serlo.
And now, to close the overview over the Hautevilles, their complete family trees. We start out with an overview over the sons of old Tancrede de Hauteville:
Note how the two eldest Hauteville brothers left no children, and how the youngest, Roger, left only daughters. Please do also note how Abelard, the son of Humphrey, was betrayed by Robert Guiscard of his inheritance. Other than the line of Humphrey, Serlo, whose father was also elder than Robert, has no claim on the kingship as his father wanted to have no part of his brothers’ Italian adventures and Serlo came only to Italy in 1061, well after Robert Guiscard had established himself.
Let’s take a closer look at the main line, the royal line of the Hautevilles:
Bohemond’s succession is well secured, with one bastard son, two legitimate sons and a grandson by the oldest legitimat son and crown prince, Herman, Duke of Sicily. The King’s oldest daughter, Matilda, is married to the Prince of Serbia but has unfortunately as yet failed to give her husband sons. Bohemond’s oldest sister Mathilde is married to powerful Duke Renaud of the Marches; his own line is detailed below, in a genealogical tree of his own. The King’s brother, Duke Roger Borsa, has failed to beget a legitimate son, meaning that the King does currently stand to inherit his brother’s lands; Roger Borsa has a bastard son, though, Roger, whom he made Count of Naples. The fourth child of Robert Guiscard, Emma, died very young, but not without giving birth to a son and a daughter. The son, Osmond Grimaldi, does currently rule over Pisa, and the daughter, Emma, is married to the Count of Arborea on Sardinia.
Above is the house of Humphrey, the dispossessed line of the Hautevilles. It is headed by Arsenio and his two younger brohers, Henry and Godfrey. Godfrey is without land, but Henry does not only hold the county of Lecce, bt does also serve as regent for the northern French county of Guines – his minor son, who goes also by the name of Henry, has inherited this county from his grandfather. Arsenio himself, or rather his sn Massimo, might well come into possession of the southern French county of Albret – should Arsenio’s young brother-in-law die, Massimo would become heir to his grandfather’s southern Fench lands. The line of Humphrey has thus entrenced itself well in France, and even though they seem loyal enough this second powerbase of theirs, well beyond the King’s grasp is worrying Bohemond.
The house of Guillaume is smaller, as Guilaume and his son Robert did both die rather young and without many children. It’s only noteable emebers are the brothers Mauger, Duke of Benevent, and Godfrey. It bears mentioning that Duke Mauger is through his wife highly connected into France – his brothers-in-law are the powerful Duke of Champagne and the Count of Chartres. There is little chance of Mauger’s sons inheriting these extensive French lands, but his relatives are powerful potential allies nonetheless.
Renaud de Joigny, driven from his ancestral County of Sens and having fled to Italy as refugee, has founded a powerful house of his own. He is married to the King’s half-sister Mathilde, who has born him numerous children, and he is also father-in-law of the heir apparent Duke Herman of Sicily, and grandfather to Herman’s own son and heir, young Aubrey. Duke Renaud is thus exceedingly well connected in the royal house, and with his sizeable male progeny a force to reckon with.
And finally, to close the excursions, a look at the two currently most important people of this saga, Serlo and his cousin Bohemond, as they are on January 1st 1101. Something that isn’t apparent from these character portraits is that Bohemond does at that time actually have a honourable reputation – he has cooled his heels sufficiently to make all his land-grabbing and unjust wars of aggression against Italian Christians and even the Pope himself pale in the Europeans’ eyes in comparison to the damage he has dealt to the Muslims of Africa.