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Maintain course, seize command or let the world burn?


The largest empire in europe was finding itself at an interesting crossroads in the late 1870s. The collapse of Germanic power, temporary or not, alone had opened up interesting options. Near constant warfare in western europe had worn out the french capacity for large scale conflict. They would clearly still defend themselves but any grand imperialistic schemes seemed beyond their current abilities. The Italians were considered by Russia to be a feisty lot with grand dreams but their time was either long since past or perhaps yet still to come. For now while the British maintained their same general strength they had for years there was not the same form of threat from such a nation as those on the mainland. This left open a few paths for the Russian empire.

There had been a very careful direction and plan followed by the Russian Empire following the Crimean disaster, however the world is ever changing. There was a certain wisdom in not rocking the boat too hard and in simply keeping forward a familiar and so far successful strategy. While the average farmer in the empire didn't have any care for strategy, it was those at the top that kept that man safe through their plans. The Polish question had reasserted itself into european affairs and that alone would serve to give pause to the idea of simply following forward a somewhat quiet and friendly approach to other nations. Russia had worked to try and keep balance and stability to european affairs. The revival of Poland was not itself a great threat, at the least it was far weaker than austria or the ottomans. Still, Poland was a wild card. Charting the cautious and slow but steady course might not work well if others disrupt the order too much.

Of course the weakness of many other nations did invite another possible path to go down. Perhaps the solution to a wild card was an iron fist. No doubt there was no single force capable of aligning itself against Russia and winning. At least not in the conventional army power sense. Even the mighty french army had far greater limitations when fighting a long war and it was already partially cornered in europe. As well it was chained to outposts beyond to the lesser areas of the world. Even if it thought to challenge the Russians the end result would be mostly likely a stalemate. France could hold firm in one half and Russia the other. Still this would be rather aggressive and such a heavy deployment of force to realign europe would invite a sharp strike from the south or the north. The British still lurked about, possibly no longer foe but far from quite yet friend. What benefit would keep their fleet and money from action? Likely none that could be offered. Even if Russia and France were to align together, both had seen this song played out before. Perhaps inaction of any kind would work the best.

Turning the focus fully inwards would bring about many benefits. Russia would of course not give away its success in the Balkans but why should they soldiers die to act as police for others? There were still huge areas of lands inside the empire that were barely developed in any way and hardly settled or civilized at all. There are lands to clean and drain, railroads to build and ports to develop. The far east was far from well built and the recently conquered areas in central asia would also benefit from an internal focus. There were still ways to stay open to the world for trade and technology while refusing to deploy and fight others wars. While it could be easily said that Russia often benefited from war, war also needed clear goals. Poland was ejected from Russia by choice, why reclaim lands discarded? The vast hungarian plains were almost within reach but what would such conquest bring to the empire? More areas in need of development, just ones with a few less snow storms and a few more catholics.

The balkans were already in a fairly well made shape so again there was little value to be had. The neighbors were mostly friendly or far too weak.Perhaps the time to make a choice was not yet here anyways. There was a navy to be built and the urals needed a few more railroads. No matter which path was taken there would a need to finish these two tasks as a priority. Still though, there would always be a strong calling to simply taking care of the Empire and letting the world continue to strike at itself in brutal fashion. The tsar longed to finish liberating his empire from the weaknesses it had when he took over control and had the power to enact his goals. Some progress had been made but much remained. The Tsar was well aware that no threat would wait for others to prepare themselves to handle it and that to ignore problems growing outside the borders would bring them to the gates far too quickly. Perhaps the best option would be to secure his lands and people with a few valuable alliances and non-aggression pacts and then turn inward.

Turn other nations into shields against trouble. And make sure they could be used as bridges in event the might of the tsars armies needed to strike forth and defeat an enemy before it became a real problem. The Tsars advisers pressured him to finish putting the Balkans in order. They stressed that no matter what his goals were for his empire, the balkans must be safeguarded. As well Poland must be secured against being used as a club against the Empire. However that must be done it would need to be handled. Both of these problems were still left to handle. Still the Tsar hoped he could see his empire live in peace the remainder of his days. Peace without threat would be his goal but to achieve this possible threats must be read carefully. Reacting too slowly to any threat, even from within the empire could prove fatal. For now the doors would be shut but the windows kept open.
 
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LE MONITEUR UNIVERSEL
L'EDITION ANGLAISE

22 September 1878
The Lesseps-Roudaire expedition left Marseilles today en route to Tunis aboard the steamship Venús. Carrying several dozen experts in various fields ranging from hydrology to local culture to engineering, the joint expedition has been tasked by the Academy of Sciences with evaluating the feasibility of creating inland bodies of water in arid North Africa.

Viscount de Lesseps, GOLH, has been appointed expedition leader by His Majesty, who received the ambitious proposal following the successful return of Pierre de Brazza earlier in the year. Reportedly enthused by the notion, His Majesty authorized the venture at once. The Viscount, of course, is famous for his pioneering work in building the Suez Canal. He is joined by Major François Élie Roudaire, OLM, a skilled geographer and surveyor who has spent much of his career in North Africa.

Proponents of the scheme, dubbed 'Sahara Sea,' believe that the creation of an inland body of water in the depressed areas of the Sahara Desert will spur commerce in the region and positively contribute to local rainfall, potentially even improving the overall European climate...
 
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الخديوية المصرية

al-Khadawiyya al-Misriyya


The Nazir of Finance Outlines his Nizara's current project to the Majlis al-Khususi and Majlis Shura al-Nuwwab, July 1878

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Speaker- Raghib Pasha

"Honoured members, I shall not deign to take much of your time. I know that many of you, having grown used to the fastidious and verbose nature of my speaking to you, tend to allow yourselves a small siesta during my time - and I do not blame you. I invite all those who are currently more disposed towards sleeping to make themselves comfortable - though I must warn you, I do plan to be quick today.
Honoured members, while the nation has been gripped by the prospect of the constitution, the
Nizara of Finance has been hard at work endeavouring to ensure the long-term stability of the Egyptian economy. Honoured members, a saying attributed to the Prophet has him praising greatly the gold dirham, saying that there is much blessing for the Muslim community in that currency. There is much blessing, that is to say, in a gold currency. Honoured members, it has become commonly accepted among many experts that we have entered the age of the gold-backed currency. Currencies backed by a bi-metallic standard are no longer stable or guaranteed to remain stable if they still are.
This Nizara has been hard at work not only ensuring Egypt's gold reserves are high, but that our currency will soon abandon the bi-metallic standard and be backed, instead, completely by our gold reserves. By the will of God, who makes rich whom He wills and tests whom He wills with poverty, this step will prove yet another progression towards the strengthening of our economy and ensuring future growth.
Honoured members, I can see a few heads nodding off already, I note among them the head of the honoured member for Central Alexandria - and when even this distinguished members is falling asleep, I know it is my sign to quickly make my exit."
 
Events of the World: 1878


Europe

Over the course of the year, electric street lighting was introduced across London, with power generation being handled in small stations across the city. The city was aglow with the lights by the end of the year, the success of it being hailed as yet another great innovation stemming from the British Empire. While a smaller, trial, version had been done in Russia, the British were sure to blanket their streets in electric lighting, converting the old gas lamps and greatly increasing the efficiency of the lights, and reducing gas consumption considerably.

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Electric street lamp in London
The Rotterdam Convention is agreed to between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, which opened the avenue for the recovery of the Dutch finances. In exchange for the Netherlands releasing their claims over the Sultanate of Siak and the Aceh Sultanate, the United Kingdom would assist with debt payments for a period of five years. While the number was in the millions of pounds, the British were able to pay for the measure easily, and greatly bolstered the relations between the two countries. After the Convention was agreed to, the Dutch government hiked taxes in both the East Indies and at home, producing a balanced budget that could stay afloat, for at least half a decade. The Kingdom’s major goal now was to restructure its finances to secure lower rates of interest. Many older ships were broken apart or sold to try and reduce costs where they could, as the ever-daunting debt servicing consumed a vast majority of the budget.

The year’s half elections in Belgium see the Catholic Party reclaim a large number of seats at the expense of the Liberal Party, although the Belgian Labour Party was able to capture six seats, mostly in response to the economic downturn which plagued the rest of Europe. The Catholic Party was led by Charles Woeste, whom many considered would be a future Prime Minister if the party was able to secure another commanding victory in the next half of the elections. Prime Minister Prince Eugène was returned to government, however, with a slim majority of two seats.

The French government unveils a new policy during 1878, stating that there would be a gradual decline in the overall number of men in the standing army. Instead of hosting a massive army, such as was done in the Russian Empire, the overall number would be let to decline through placing a freeze on the replacement of officers and soldiers who retired. The move was criticised by many commanders and marshals, all behind closed doors, due to the aging effect it would have on the army, and many were distraught that it would cause a decline in new blood entering the officer corps. The Marines themselves would see a massive increase in funds and manpower, expanding them almost threefold, demonstrating a shift of priorities from Paris.

The French Foreign Legion was also expanded rapidly, and calls for men were heard across Algeria and Indochina, although the lofty goals set by the government were scaled back four times, with the final number being at at just over twenty-five thousand. France simply did not have a large excess of population in her colonies that was conductive towards raising a large army. Regardless of the merits of the reforms, there was also the much quieter reforms to the army’s establishment, which was expected to show improvements over the coming years.

While the army reforms would have, in any other era, produced significant opposition in the Empire, it was muted by the Emperor’s far more ambitious reforms to the Imperial Administration. For much of its history, France had been a highly centralised state. Paris unveiled a new provincial map in the summer, which would establish provinces within the Empire, which had their own legal authority. They would be headed by a regional commissioner, and had its own judicial structure that would be connected, but legally distinct from the French judicial system. The commissioners, while appointed by the Emperor, would have their own administrative structures, in effect devolving many of the most basic essential functions of government to the provinces.

It was seemingly impossible to truly register the opposition to the programme in France. Bonapartists, both from the left and right wings of the party, stood in opposition to the Emperor’s plans. The Republican-Socialists proclaimed a week of strikes against the plan. Political leaders from nearly the entire political spectrum believed the move was a poor one, and some questioned the Emperor’s ability to lead the Empire. The Republican-Socialists themselves split, with the Republicans (mostly Conservatives) becoming a separate faction from the Republican-Socialists, and both issued their own statements against the plan. Some even talked that the Emperor’s assumption of power before the age of majority was a poor one, and newspapers in Germany openly called for the French to throw off the oppressive shackles of an “imbecilic” leader and embrace republicanism.

After a series of negotiations between the Sagasta government and several well-funded nobles and clergymen, it was decided during the year that the Prime Minister would invest a small endowment yearly towards the upkeep and management of new Catholic Universities in Spain. The funding wouldn’t come near to covering all the costs of running a university, the rest would come from the students, other endowments, and the Catholic church. While the Spanish government already spent a sizeable sum on education, the increase was very minimal in the overall picture, with a budgetary surplus still certain.

The government of Prime Minister Depretis begins an ambitious project to encourage urban development, releasing funds for the betterment of sanitation facilities, construction of water mains, and widening of roads to allow for the greater volume of traffic. Tax cuts were offered for prospective factory owners, and large amounts of incentives were given for the establishment of industries in the cities, near railway connections to ship the goods more easily. A big focus was placed on the quality of life the citizens themselves enjoyed, attempting to clean up the city streets, while making it a more healthy place to live and work.

With the signing of the Austrian and Hungarian agreements in Vienna, the Austrian Empire ceased to exist, replaced by the Austro-Hungarian Empire, elevating the Kingdom of Hungary to, what many believed, to be its rightful position. Karl Sigmund von Hohenwart ascended to the position of State Minister, who encouraged a new policy of ensuring those who supported Romania would be heavily incentivised to move to that country. The policy resulted in the deaths of several policemen and harsh crackdowns, and was abandoned after there was resistance from Hungary over the policy, they’d rather administer it. The new State Minister also deployed nearly ten thousand soldiers to the border with Poland, as a precautionary measure against their government’s sponsorship of rebel movements.

As Serbia marched to war, State Minister Hohenwart works with the Hungarians to establish the Table of Eleven in the Voivodeship of Banat, which would only answer to the Imperial and Royal High Court. They were given the authority to render judgement on all crimes that were not violent, seditious, or dangerous to the Emperor and his reign. A point of contention with the Hungarians was that it would be staffed with Serbians, and judgements would be done in German and Serbian, not Hungarian. After promising concessions elsewhere, the Hungarians let this pass, allowing the Serbs a minor form of control over their territory for the first time. The Austro-Hungarian government also announced a general amnesty to all Serbians in revolt against the Empire, and would pardon them in exchange for a pledge of loyalty to the Emperor. When Empress Elisabeth arrived in the region to see the condition of the countryside, thousands threw down their arms and took up the offer. No one wanted to see the violence from Bosnia spill over into Austria, and many Serbs believed that dealing with Vienna and Budapest at this junction was the best possible outcome.

After months of debate in the Reichstag, the Chancellor Richter announces the formation of the Deutsche Rentenversicherung, which would act as a provider of pensions to the elderly, to be funded by a tax placed on the money that workers made, and everyone in the country would be automatically enrolled. There was also a mandate for a compulsory employee health insurance to be guaranteed by all employers within Germany, including the government, as well as insurance for all accidents, regardless of age or employment status, this was to be paid directly by the federal Government. The move was immensely popular, although the increase in taxes was rather substantial. The red-hot German economy was able to sustain the new taxes, which more than doubled in most cases, and a slight increase in tariffs brought in enough revenue to cover the increase.

While the domination of Prussia over Germany had long since been broken, the remnants of the former Kingdom’s powerful state still remained alive and well in Germany. It was not the negative aspects that were kept alive, either. The Prussian Volksschule, which was so adept at ensuring that children were educated, was still mandated in the territories that used to once belong to the Kingdom of Prussia. The Reichstag, after a series of exhaustive debates, finally agrees that the system should be expanded to the national level. All schools, including private schools, would need to adhere to government-mandated curriculum, even if they were a religious institution. While there was some opposition to this, there was no serious movement to try and stop the reform, which was poised to bring Germany to the leading position of education in Europe.

Seeking to capitalise on the recent changes in the French army, the Swedish military begins to solicit military officers who retired from the French military, and from across Europe. Given that they retired from service in one country, logic would dictate that they were no longer seeking to be employed in military service. Clearly, for a neutral country like Sweden it was not. After not employing a single new officer from France, the programme was dropped, and instead a focus was placed on recruiting them from Europe in general. Several German and Austrian officers took the new positions offered by the Minister of Education to lecture in military academies. Sweden’s future officers and NCOs would benefit from these foreign teachers, and many were believed to be highly skilled and naturally adept at teaching.

After many months of planning and drafting, the Russian Navy is given an ample increase in its funds to effect a massive expansion of the surface fleet, seeking to modernise the Imperial Navy with the latest equipment and technology on the seas, and improving the ability of the naval administration to handle the new fleet. The process was not expected to be speedy, and constituted a massive investment on the part of the Empire. The investment would be significant, with projected investment nearly equalling that of the navy’s current operating budget. The fleet itself was going to triple in tonnage and quadruple in size. The shipyards of Russia could barely handle ten percent of the planned expansion, and all shipyards in both France and the United Kingdom were either booked full of orders from other naval expansions, or in many cases, British shipbuilders refused to construct ships for the Russian Imperial Navy.

It was not until the Empire looked abroad could it find a place for her larger orders to be placed. The United States of America, mired in her own economic woes, was eager to accept the Russian government’s contracts. From Portland, Maine to Baltimore, Maryland shipbuilders commenced construction on the first of five waves of vessel construction. In order to meet the Tsar’s ambitious timetable, much of the construction would take place overseas. But this did not mean that there would not be much done domestically, Russia’s shipyards could build auxiliary vessels easily, and a large cruiser was laid down, not projected to be finished until the middle of the 1880s. If there was one thing that could be sure, the Russian Empire was seeking to strike itself out as a major naval power, something that was causing great concern in London.

Along with the massive undertaking that was a reform of the Imperial Navy into a world-class fighting force, the Imperial Government also puts funding into the traditionally more important Imperial Army. Fifty thousand soldiers were released from active service, with another fifty thousand scheduled to be released in the coming months. The Naval Infantry was given an expanded role, being brought back into active service. They would also be greatly expanded, increasing to a size of nearly twenty thousand, a number that had been seen before during the Crimean War and the War of the Sixth Coalition against France. The Naval Infantry would perform a dual role, being used for campaigns near large bodies of water, along with river crossings, an important area that emerged during the Russo-Turkish War. Much of the operations were to be defensive in nature, with little plans for any type of offensive operation to be built into their doctrine.

Domestically, the Russian Empire had long been one that had some form of unrest in the political undercurrent, be it through the disgruntled nobility, the intelligentsia, or the rapidly growing class of urban, educated citizens. The biggest threat facing the Empire had been the Polish-Lithuanian Army, which claimed responsibility to sabotaging railway lines in Riga, and causing the collapse of small road bridges across the Kovno Governorate. So much focus was placed on them, that resources were diverted away from typical suppression movements against the ever present revolutionaries. After a failed assassination attempt on the Tsar in 1866 had not elicited a serious response by the government, the underground movements grew rapidly. A series of trials, mostly of political prisoners, were held against students, mostly revolutionaries and those sympathetic to the Polish-Lithuanian Army. The judicial system, mostly free from outside interference, found many of them innocent, a stunning rebuke of the Tsarist government. Those that were charged, however, obtained sentences of hard labour and imprisonment in far flung territories. It was called the “Trial of the 308,” named for the number of students placed on trial.

Several prisoners who were lucky enough to be assigned to St. Petersburg, and not somewhere in Siberia, were placed under the control of Fyodor Trepov, the head of the St. Petersburg police. One incident, where a prisoner refused to remove his cap, cause Trepov to order the man flogged. The revolutionaries seized on this action, and a plot to murder him, along with the prosecutor in the case Vladislav Zhelekhovskii, was formed. In late November, the plan went into action, Vera Zasulich was able to gain access to an event that Trepov would be at, and used a revolver to shoot, and kill, the man. Zhelekhovskii was murdered the same day by Masha Kolenkina. Both women were easily captured by the police, and held for trial in the next year.

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The assassination of Fyodor Trepov
Unrest explodes in Serbia, as the government’s pro-Serb policy finally runs afoul of the large Muslim minority in Bosnia. Bosnian muslims, who saw their mosques destroyed, religion suppressed, and Serbian forced upon them, finally broke out in open revolt against the government. Belgrade had little chance to try and contain the unrest, before it spread across all of Bosnia. Rampant calls for Ottoman help were heard, and while many believed they went unheaded, the first clash between the Bosnian rebels and the Serbian army was a stunning defeat for the Serbs, losing several thousand men in the clash, and being faced with a modern, well-equipped army. Sarajevo became the capital of this new rogue movement, having no actual stated goals other than to fight against the Serbians. Some believed they wanted incorporation into the Ottoman Empire, while others believed they were fighting for independence.

As Prince Obrenović moved to contest the threat, he called up seventy thousand Serbs to fight for his army. He was met by the difficulties of the Serbian railway network. Designed solely by the Ottomans and the Austrians, it facilitied Balkan trade between Budapest and Istanbul, not the suppression of rebel movements in Serbia. As the country descended towards a bloody war, the Prince requested the Russians for help putting down the rebellion, asking for fifty thousand soldiers to stand with Serbia in “Slavic Brotherhood.” As the Russians mulled their options through the end of the year, Austro-Hungarian politicians looked eagerly towards their south.

In the backroom negotiations which finally ended the very brief Russo-Turkish War at one time had a clause which procured the nominal independence, under a Prince, of Albania. While the Ottomans never agreed to such a notion, word of it had eventually gotten to several prominent Albanian writers, who began to pen works on the “injustice” of the Ottoman rule, and the support for the continued “National Awakening” taking place inside Albania. Many saw themselves not as Ottoman, not as Muslims, not as Christians or Catholics, but as Albanians, bonded by a common heritage and language. While religious discontent did exist, the population was split between Christian and Muslim, there was not much violence like was so common in Bulgaria and Serbia. It meant little for Ottoman control in the province for now, but it was yet another nationalist movement which the Sultan would, eventually, have to address.

The Treaty of Vienna is signed between Austria and Romania, effecting a sale of the Duchy of Bukovina to the Romanians. While the move was met with celebrations in the southern part of the Duchy, as well as the ire of many Hungarians (who then pushed the Emperor to adopt a new compromise, forming Austria-Hungary), it was met with anger and frustration in the north. The people in northern Bukovina were mostly Ruthenians, and constituted forty per cent of the population. They had revolted against the Austrians in hope of securing a separation from the southern part of their province, not to be transferred to the Kingdom of Romania. Despite the long-held alliance between Romania and Russia, the Ruthenians struck out and attacked Romanian forces, and burned Romanian villages. Letters were sent to the Tsar and his government, asking for assistance, although none ever came. The Romanian Army asserted its dominance of the land, and used Russian funds, of which it had access to for the construction of railways from an earlier agreement, to construct a railway line from Iaşi to Cernăuţi.

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Railway workers clearing land in Bukovina
The Greek government spends much of the year promoting Greek products across Europe, with the Ministry of Industry, Commerce, & Transportation announcing a new plan to further expand the country’s transportation infrastructure, expanding railways, connecting harbours to the rail network, and encouraging the growth and development of branch lines and spurs to smaller cities and towns, so that their agricultural products and goods could be sold to the wider European market. Greece’s cheap prices and the access to cheap transportation made them highly competitive across Europe, and the economy saw a substantial increase throughout the year, with thousands returning back to work.

With some sort of semblance of stability in Bulgaria (the government conveniently deciding to ignore the unrest and deal with it through secret police forces), Tsar Michael invests heavily into the expansion of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, unleashing a flurry of construction, establishing a new church nearly every single week during the year. Old mosques were torn down or simply repurposed, provided there were no longer enough Muslims to sustain it in that area. The churches were also to be centres of learning and education, providing the youngest Bulgarians with the basic tools they needed to learn. In areas where Muslims were still the majority, and this was a sizeable portion of the country, the Tsar quietly released funds for the renovation of mosques and direct investments into their communities, something that finally stopped the tidal wave of people emigrating to the Ottoman Empire.

After minor construction delays continue to hamper the Bosphorous Bridge, the project’s British engineers are finally able to present the Sultan was a projection completion date, the middle of 1881. The bridge had been tough to design, needing to withstand the strong current of the Bosphorous as water drained into and out of the Black Sea. The bridge itself had an upper deck where pedestrians and carriages could cross, while two rail lines were suspended on the lower deck, allowing traffic in both directions. The bridge was seen as a curiosity in many parts of Europe, but the Sultan head great expectations for it, as did the shareholders of the company that was constructing the bridge.

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Work pauses momentarily on the Bosphorus Bridge
Despite the economic downturn across Europe, few businessmen heed the call put out by the Ottoman Sultan, seeking to encourage them to move to the Ottoman Empire and set up industrial ventures. Europe had a large amount of excess population in highly dense regions, conductive for a large labour supply to become factory workers. No such population existed in large amounts in Turkey, and where it did there was already domestic manufacturing present, offering no incentive to try and settle there. What little manufacturing was brought over from Europe settled along the Ottoman’s railway network, where they would be able to import raw materials and easily export their goods.

The real success was the continued expansion of the railways, with French engineers, many without jobs in their home country, helping to design the routes, and steel mills in France helping to supply the rails to be used, further boosting the French economy and keeping demand up. The advent of railways into Mesopotamia coincided with a large investment into irrigation canals from the Euphrates, seeking to expand farming and offering settlers moving from conquered lands in European Turkey a place of their own. Refugees still continued to pour into the Ottoman Empire from the Russian Empire, and they too were spread out across the Sultan’s Middle Eastern domains.

North America

Capitalising on the long-standing good relations between Franco-Canadians and the indigenous peoples of North America, the Government of Manitoba signs several agreements with the Dakota and some other minor tribes from Minnesota and the Dakota territory. In exchange for protection, voting rights, and economic assistance from the provincial government, the tribes would need to migrate to Manitoba and settle in the province. The measure was decried by the Anglos who still lived in Manitoba, and while it did provide for a few thousand new settlers in the territory, the thousands of people staking their lives in the west continued to bypass Manitoba in increasing numbers, only the city of Winnipeg spoke English as a dominant language, and it was the centre of the Anglo community in the province. More and more people moved into the Northwest Territories or onto British Columbia.

To deal with the fiscal mess and economic downturn Canada was now experiencing, the Liberals disband the Semi-permanent federal militia, and release several soldiers from the standing army. Conservatives felt this made the country too weak, and the cost savings was, to say the very least, minimal. They also felt that much of the deficit could be closed with land sales to Europeans, selling off parcels of land in the Northwest Territories. While this brought in some revenue, it wasn’t nearly enough to close the deficit, and the Canadian economy began to slump.

Shortly before the federal elections were held, the provincial elections in British Columbia occur, putting the Anti-Reform party against the Conservatives. While both parties essentially stood for much of the same thing, the only real difference being that the Conservatives wanted to abide by the Supreme Court’s decision regarding Indians. With such little distinction between the two, and dissatisfaction with the Liberal government on the Federal level, the Conservatives are swept into power in British Columbia, with the Anti-Reform Party getting hammered. The Liberals also gained some seats in the province, but they were only the third largest party.

The 1878 Federal Election takes place, amidst the Liberal failure to close the budget gap and widespread discontent with the government of Alexander Mackenzie. The Conservatives campaign on a platform of increased tariffs, to protect domestic industrial production, an increase in the power of the federal government, and to seek continued ties with the United Kingdom, abandoning the pro-American atmosphere of the current government. The Liberals simply say that, despite all of the negative coverage, the economy was fixing itself, and that tariffs would hurt, not help, Canada. Much of this falls on deaf ears, and John Macdonald was returned to power, his Conservatives taking 141 seats. The Anti-Reform Party was smashed, taking only 4 seats, losing almost everywhere except in British Columbia, where the Parliamentary leader Robert Beaven almost lost his riding by a few hundred votes. The Liberals captured 61 seats, with Independents taking the remaining 9 seats.

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Conservative electoral poster
In the midst of a financial crisis, President Hayes is able to make time in his busy schedule attempting to respond to the problems with state debt to adopt the recommendations from Jacob Dolson Cox Jr to help reverse the country’s policy towards the indigenous population in the West. The Indians had lived peaceably on their reservations or freely, otherwise not harming white settlers. For their acceptance and peaceful nature, they were taken advantage of, with companies simply passing right through their lands with new railway lines, and telegraph poles erected with no regard as to their ownership of the land. Cox was appointed as a liaison between the Federal government and the Indian polities, seeking to further advance the general peace by respecting their sovereign rights and forging new treaties which respected their traditional hunting grounds. While several new treaties were signed, there was little optimism on the Indians that it would bring any meaningful change to the overall policy, although the Administration was determined to ensure they were upheld.

The issue which did monopolise the President’s focus for much of the year was the state debt and banking crisis gripping the nation. A resolution passed by Congress and signed into law by President Hayes bluntly declared that a state could not go bankrupt, and all extant state debt would be paid, regardless if it was by the state or by the Federal government. The measure also included an injection of cash to Ohio itself, allowing it to stabilise and balance its budget. With Federal assurances, and Ohio now having a balanced budget, the various at risk states were able to negotiate with creditors to lower interest rates, and to stretch out payments. The economic situation was improving, and credit markets were able to become stable. The political fallout from the banking crisis was immense, and immediate.

Across the country, Democrats had been gaining ground since the end of the War of the Rebellion, and the upstart Greenbacks were also faring well. The introduction of the Popular Labor Party also presented some troubling issues for American politics, could four parties all vie in a first-past-the-post system? The answer to this seemed to be no, as Greenbacks and PLP candidates merged on fusion tickets where they could, or didn’t run candidates when they could not. The Greenbacks were considered to be the rural element of the same social and economic reform movement that the PLP was, and the Greenbacks were far more populous. They welcomed the support of the PLP, and modified their platforms to try and entice these urban voters. Wind was taken out of the PLP’s sails after the Democratic House and Republican Administration agreed upon a new tariff bill, hiking up duties on imported goods in a bid to try and protect American commerce. This, of course, harmed the rural farmers, who turned out in droves for the Greenback candidates. In late October, the more moderate chapter of the PLP announced they would be merging with the Greenbacks, forming the new Greenback Labor Party, the rural-urban alliance so sought after. The PLP dissolved into the Socialist Workers Party of America, and most of their candidates repudiated them in the run up to the fall elections.

The results were nothing short of shocking for the country. Democrats lost control of the House, but were able to make inroads in New England (due to the vote splitting of Republican and Greenback-Labor candidates). The Greenback-Labour Party was so popular that they garnered the second most number of votes in some states, like Pennsylvania where Republican Henry Hoyt won the governorship by 39% of the vote. This translated to a complete wave for Greenback-Labour in the House of Representative elections, where they captured 47 seats. The Democrats took away 70, a massive blow, while the Republicans managed 118, and with it, enough to claim control of Congress once again. In the Senate, Republicans held control, but were surprised by the introduction of President Voorhees, who was appointed by the Indiana legislature to serve the state he loved so much. The legislatures had shifted during President Hayes’ election, which in turn caused Democrats to lose across the board, with the Republicans boasting 35 Senators, with the Democrats only having 19. The era of Republican domination was once again back in Washington, this time with the added caveat of the ascending Greenback-Labor Party.

Confederate magnate William Mahone, his empire vast and growing every year, dispatches his two sons William Jr. and Butler south to take command of his new monopoly over steamship services in New Orleans. William Jr. set up his offices in the city, and was tasked with the day to day operations of the organisation, while Butler Mahone was tasked with using this newfound power in the Mahone Fruit Company. Butler Mahone set his headquarters in Key West, the only city capable of hosting what was planned to be a large corporation in Florida. His goal was to ensure a monopoly over the citrus fruits grown in mainland Florida, along with the fruits cultivated in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. The Mahone Fruit Company also establishes offices in Central America, being welcomed in the case of El Salvador.

Key West’s population had grown so much in the years since the War of Secession ended that nearby Stock Island was connected via a bridge, and the Confederate Congress authorised federal funding (thanks to Readjustor influence) to improve the road network in the city, as well as to establish a naval coaling station on Stock Island, freeing up land on Key West to be developed. Butler Mahone was at the forefront of this development, buying the new land for offices and for new industry, Key West would be the port of entry for fruits shipped from Central America, where they would be canned or juiced, and then exported to the rest of the Confederacy and North America. Andrew Muhl was brought to Key West and contracted to install his ice-making machines for refrigeration onto ships, allowing fruit to remain fresh as it was transported out of Key West. With nearly one quarter of all of Florida’s inhabitants living in Key West, the state government and the Mahones began to collaborate on a plan for an overland connection to Florida, which would then run up the east coast and into Georgia.

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The crowded streets of Key West
With Readjustor influence at an all time high in Congress, an informal alliance is formed with the Democrats, one in which would ensure the Democrats retain the Speakership, but give a large amount of power to the Readjustors in the form of two cabinet positions, Commerce & Industry and Agriculture. It was here the zenith of power for the nascent party. As their patron, William Mahone was more focused on industrial pursuits, the more agriculturally-minded Readjustors are felt as if they are shut out of their own party, as the Department of Commerce and Industry goes to Samuel French, a Readjustor from Florida, while Agriculture goes to Mississippi Congressman James Chalmers, shutting out the agrarian Readjustors. The Department of Commerce and Industry was given control of the Patent Office, among other things. Its first office outside of Richmond was established in New Orleans, where it would monitor the customs houses as they tracked imports and exports.

As infighting grips the Republican government of the Liberation Coalition, Santiago Vidaurri departs Monterey for a secret meeting with British officials in Laredo, Texas. The British terms are simple, they would recognise Viadurri’s complete control over all of northwestern Mexico, including Tamaulipas, if he would return his allegiance to the crown. The British also promised thousands of pounds for him to develop his region as he saw fit, no strings attached other than nominal compliance with the authority of the Emperor, and the Mexico Office. Dismayed by the infighting in the Republican government, and distrust of rebel President Iglesias, Viadurri agreed. Representatives of Ignacio Pesqueira were present at the meeting, who quickly tipped off the Republican government of the impending betrayal. As Viadurri returned to Monterey, he was captured and executed for treason (the trial took 3 hours), and all units of the Sierra Madre Militia were given the option to surrender, or be murdered by the Mexican Army. Upon hearing the death of Viadurri, thousands choose to fight, engulfing northern Mexico in a brief war against each other. Governor Pesqueira petitioned the Confederate government for his state’s admission into the Confederacy, having no desire to work with the republicans or the Imperialists.

The Sierra Madre Militia was defeated by the Mexican Army only because many were wed to the cause of liberating Mexico, not simply pledging their allegiance to one single man, in this case Viadurri. All militias were federalised, and Chihuahua announced its own separation from Mexico, proclaiming it to be its own separate, independent, nation. Much of its territory was swiftly occupied by the Mexicans, determined to fight on. Without British support in the north, the I Corps was forced to restore control the old fashioned way, through conquering the territory. Monterrey was considered the priority target for the year, and clashes between the republicans and the Imperialists resulted in stalemates, while the British assistance produced results in the field. The British attempted to remain as far away from the fighting as they could, and let the Imperial Army do much of the work. However, the republicans were far better equipped, with relatively recent American-made rifles, ample provisions and munitions. By the summer, the British had been forced back across the mountains to Leon. A successful Autumn counter-attack saw them capture the city of Matehuala, and fight against rebels in the mountains. The Imperialist forces find their own success as well, advancing into Sinaloa and Durango, although at the price of extremely heavy casualties.

South America

There’s a major push during the year to encourage settlement into the Colombian Amazon Territory. Special coordination with the country’s immigration offices in Europe help to give away large swaths of land to otherwise landless immigrants, attracting them to the large, mostly uninhabited jungles. There is little actual settlement during the year, as the lack of roads, communications, and businesses to support habitation there are lacking, and in most cases simply non-existent. The venture is determined to be a flop, and funding for it was withdrawn by October.

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The vast, untamed jungles of the Amazon
The United States and Colombia sign the Treaty of Panama, leasing Toro Point to the United States of America, which was slated to be the location of an Army Base, called Fort McCawley. The United States would lease the region for 100 years, paying thirty-five thousand dollars per year. The move was a questionable one, both in Panama and in Colombia. The base would be right near the city of Colón. Radical Liberals decried the move, and the moribund Conservatives also opposed it. The treaty was almost voted down, passing by a single vote. It showed deep divisions within Gran Colombia over future cooperation with the United States, ones that were very unexpected. The Radical Liberals and Conservatives, so long out of power, clutched onto this division, hoping for electoral success.

In a remarkable departure from how he entered into power, at the hands of the military, Supreme Leader Tomás Gutiérrez proclaims himself President of the Confederation, and invites members of the civilian leadership, all liberals, to form a new cabinet of ministers designed to help stabilise the country. The military subsequently stages a coup against Gutiérrez, placing Hilarión Daza at the head of the Confederation. The legislature is dissolved, and the military is brought out to suppress the revolts, many of which dissipated after threats of the army entering the municipality they were striking in. The Liberal government had not been popular in Peru, despite it being fairly popular in Bolivia. The two countries seemed to be at odds, Lima was calm and the establishment backed President Daza in his coup against the (now deceased) Gutiérrez.

A nascent Bolivian movement was rising, one in which championed the liberal ideas that had been so quickly swept away. Railway workers in La Paz went on strike, followed by government officials. The Confederation’s military broke both strikes, and Bolivia was essentially placed under military occupation. With a shaky Confederation under him, President Daza establishes the Council of National Defence, formed of generals and high-ranking officers who had placed him into power by deposing the Liberal Government and then Gutiérrez. Their goal was simple, to control the Confederation and to plan against any attacks from the south. Despite taking no action during the year, it was clear that the new President was going to seek to restore the ownership of the land occupied by both Chile and Argentina.

The Military Act of 1878 passes, forbidding all members of the military from holding public office for the duration of their service, or for five years after their service has ended. As could have been expected, the support for this came from civilians and the vast Brazilian population, and opposition was deeply entrenched in the military establishment. There was even talks of a coup against the government, overthrowing the democratically elected legislature and installing a puppet regime of, as one could guess, military officers. After Emperor Pedro found out about the so called “Officers Plot,” he immediately had them jailed for crimes against the Empire. An uneasy peace prevailed over the country, and the civilian government claimed little to no authority over the army, which acted totally autonomously. Repudiating the civilian government, the Brazilian military marches into the borderlands of Uruguay and captured the villa of Rivera and the villa of Rocha, justifying it by long-held claims of ownership of the country. Despite the Emperor and Prime Minister loudly demanding such actions be halted, General Deodoro da Fonseca proclaimed that he recognised no authority of a legislature which restricted rights in such manner, and came dangerously close to renouncing the Emperor, although he did not do so. In Montevideo, the government announced a mobilisation to deal with the threat, and called upon Paraguay and Argentina to assist them as well, to throw off the military invasion of their country.

General da Fonseca met directly with southern governors, and convinced them to answer his own call to call up more men for the army. He was not going to lead any large-scale invasion of Uruguay, Paraguay, or Argentina. Instead, he wished to show the strength of the military in Brazil and to lash out against, what he determined, to be the disastrous military act. Sympathetic governors agreed to his proposal, raising thirty thousand soldiers to his command, under the stipulation that they not be used to march against the Emperor to depose him. With all semblance of controlling the army gone, the Conservative government was in a near collapse, and scheduled elections took place as normal.

While both the Liberals and the Conservatives had planned on a campaign around the merits of the treaty with France, economic growth, and the welfare of the Empire, it became a referendum against the Conservative government for their attempts to limit military power. The Liberals agreed with the legislation, as did many Conservatives. The people, still, resoundly rejected the Conservatives, voting so many out they only held ten per cent of the Parliament's seats. Liberals under João Lins Vieira Cansanção de Sinimbu were swept into power, and promised to try and find a way to negotiate with the army, while maintaining the legislation’s authority.

The Directorate of Post and Telegraphy is formed in Buenos Aires, designed to oversee the integration of the postal networks into one, streamlined, federal network. The measure was designed to increase efficiency, lower costs, and eliminate waste. Given its role in communications, it was also given the task of regulating and constructing new telegraph lines, meaning it would have a sizable budget of its own. It had a daunting task, consolidate all extant postal services and establish a national communications network with modern telegraph lines. Much of Argentina’s current network was older technology, and transmission rates were abysmal the further out you got from Buenos Aires and its suburbs. The new office was headed by Roque Sáenz Peña, an ambitious lawyer who had been a member of the Buenos Aires legislature. Sáenz Peña was quick to act, sending out tenders to acquire builders for thousands of kilometres of new telegraph lines.

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Telegraph wires being strung in rural Argentina
As the Peru-Bolivian Army remained dormant during the year, the Argentine army steps up its occupation force in the Tarija region, taking land between the rivers Tupiza and Pilcomayo. There is little resistance to the the Argentinians, although several are killed in skirmishes between the local police, who were loyal to the Confederation’s government. Argentina continued to reinforce the localities, and there were many new settlers into the region, solidifying their claim to the area. Few actually believed that the Bolivians could muster a force to dislodge Argentina.

The Chilean government hires several thousand men across the country in an ambitious programme to fix roads, repair bridges, and generally ensure that all existing methods of transportation, including railway lines and inner-city transportation, was looked after. Priority was given to domestic companies for the contracts, and much of the work was done at a local level, the money and funding stemming from the central Government, with the local governments having the authority to invest it where they saw fit. There was a sizeable cost to all this work, but the benefits it would provide for the country were immeasurable. In many cases, rural regions which had a road washout in a storm many years ago saw road crews and bridges built, along with trees felled to make way for better routes. Rocky, unforgiving terrain meant some roads were an incredibly unpleasurable experience when taking a carriage over it, or a wagon. Many of these were smoothed out and made passable. The ambitious project would continue across the country for years to come, and already it was having a massive effect in speeding up transportation in Chile.

Continued inaction on the Peru-Bolivian side, along with the moves made by Argentina, cause General Vásquez to declare the Atacama region Chilean territory, the exact boundaries that had once been ceded to Chile under the former President of Bolivia, which Chile repudiated after standing down in the war. The local administration that remained loyal to the Confederation were arrested and replaced by Chileans, or locals loyal to the Chilean government. And still, the Confederation’s government did nothing, showcasing its weakness and causing angry crowds in Lima, La Paz, Cusco, and Cochabamba to gather and demand an end to the Confederation and war to be declared on both Argentina and Chile.

Asia & Africa

Regardless of the political firestorm that was erupted in metropolitan France over the Emperor’s proposed administrative reforms, the Emperor did move forward on funding for a projected proposed by Ferdinand de Lesseps and Francois Roundaire. With approval by the Bey of Tunisia, a canal would be cut from the Gulf of Gabes to the Chott el Fejei, a salt flat that lay below sea level. The Emperor, intrigued in the formation of a new inland sea, which would make northern Africa far more profitable, authorised a further study of the proposed area. A geographing team was sent to measure the size of the proposed sea, while Lesseps and Roundaire were tasked with estimating the cost of the project, along with how, exactly, it would benefit the region.

With the silver market still in the doldrums, and a fresh new supply of gold, the Khedive's government authorises a switch from the former bimetallic standard towards a gold standard. While it was planned to retain the Egyptian Pound, with a rate pegged at E£1 as being equal to 6 grams of gold, there was a movement to transition it to the Egyptian franc. While the Khedive felt this a proper way to move, thousands in the country did not. Fiercely holding on to their independence, delegates at the new constitutional convention demanded that the Egyptian Pound remain as is, any attempts to alter it would be a dereliction of their duty to their country, and an abandonment of all all that was Egyptian, instead becoming something else. With a near riot forming underneath him, one that threatened the stability of the country, the Egyptian Pound remained. So energising was this issue, that further currency reforms were not undertaken. The Geneih and the Para remained, leaving Egypt’s currency system unreformed, and leaving Egypt far less unified.

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Regardless of currency reform failures, commerce continues in Cairo
Emperor Menelik attempts to tame the vast Empire which had been conquered only so recently, and to bring it up to European standards. He wished to follow the same path that Egypt did in its march towards modernity, becoming a respected power in its own right, and able to fight against foreign intrusions. The Empire was filled with a huge mixture of languages, religions, and peoples. The Emperor decreed a consolidation of his holdings, renouncing his plans to leave the Somali sultanates alone and institutes a system of provinces, administered by someone he appoints from Addis Ababa. The measure went through in the Ethiopian highlands and much of the traditional land of the Empire, however in the far flung southern territories and the Somali coast, it was not well received. The Emperor also decreed freedom of worship for Muslims and Christians, ignoring the large population that subscribed to neither religion. While the reforms were welcomed in the core territories, they were simply impossible to carry out elsewhere. Widespread opposition to this was rampant, including on the island of Socotra, which had been under the protection of the British through the Mahra Sultanate, but who had seemingly ignored the Ethiopian annexation of the island. Petitioning for assistance, the British dispatched several soldiers from Berbera to escort the Ethiopian administers off the island, and the island chain was thusly liberated by the British.

The United Kingdom and Ethiopia sign a treaty, ceding Berbera to the British in exchange for another railway line to be constructed to compensate for the British now controlling Ethiopia’s sole major shipping port. With the sudden dissolution of the major lynchpin of Ethiopian control along the Somali coast, many of the Somali leaders banded together to present a form of opposition to the Ethiopians. They had fallen under the control of Ethiopia only due to their large armies and demands for tribute. Osman Ahmed was the first to proclaim the deal between the Geledi sultanate and Ethiopia dissolved, bringing his army to readiness to oppose the Ethiopians. Gerad Ali Shire followed suit and proclaimed the similar deal between the Warsangali sultanate and Ethiopia dissolved. Yusuf Ali Kenadid simply announced complete independence from the Ethiopians, murdered their representatives in his domain, and sent out a call for a Jihad against the Ethiopians, calling upon the Ottoman Empire to provide assistance to the three.

Bushrod Johnson, impressed by the quick advancement of the African Colonisation Society in organising trips to Liberia, quickly begins to organise another large transportation of blacks, some of them slaves willingly given up by their masters, to a settlement along the Slave Coast. The ACS is able to secure the land to the south of Lake Togo and its surrounding areas for settlement, and the first ship, over two hundred men and women landed to form New Augusta, headed by Joseph Rainey, who christened the colony Guinekelokee, a name used by the indigenous peoples of the Confederacy who once inhabited the region along the Chattooga river. Rainey, the leader of the movement in Africa, had rejected Bushrod Johnson’s suggestion of naming New Augusta as Johnsonville, instead he had let it go to a vote for the settlers themselves to choose. Many being from eastern Georgia, they settled on New August for the town, and Guinekelokee for the colony.

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Afro-Confederates waiting to be transported to Africa
The Italian Central African Company was given large amounts of funding from the Italian government, this time with the directive to secure the coastal regions of territory down to the Spanish-controlled territory in Guinea. The new holdings were called Camerun, and placed under nominal governmental control, due to the large amount of funding they were giving them. The search now was for profit, establishing trading posts and deploying soldiers to the region to ensure that trade was protected. While their claim was laid to the small stretch of coastal territory, it was hardly effectively under their control.

Henry Morton Stanley is given command of the International African Association’s ambitious plan to establish a scientific and philanthropic colony in the Congo, funded by King Leopold II. While few outside of the King knew that Stanley was an agent for the King, he traveled to Zanzibar under a false name to begin construction of a wagon trail and forts. The materials were shipped in various strange routes, meaning no one could track them. Colonel Maximilien Strauch was the liaison between the King and Stanley, who traveled between the two continents. Publically, it was well known that the IAA had established trading settlements along the Congo River, but Stanley was moving up into the interior of the Central Africa, exploring it and making important connections with the leaders.

With such a new interest in Africa, the Portuguese government sends Hermenegildo Capelo and Roberto Ivens on yet another trip through the continent, travelling between Angola and Mozambique. The pair and their team would chart and map as much of the interior as they possibly could, building off the work previously done. It was clear that the Portuguese were seeking to unify their two provinces by claiming all of the territory in between, as they had nominally done for years, but lacked the means to control the interior. With a proper map of the region, there was no doubt that Portuguese soldiers would soon follow their explorers into the dark continent, staking claim to the region they explored.

In India, railway construction once again commences, with branch lines long planned for the Great Indian Peninsula Railway being built. The branchlines would move into regional centres, and connect the line from Madras to Calcutta, and expand the rails into central India. While there were no plans to expand the network into the unfavourable terrain of far northern India, there was plan to closely coordinate transportation in several outlying regions of major cities, to try and better connect their economies and ultimately benefit Britain.

In keeping with the previous year’s financial and economic reforms, the Meiji oligarchs suggested to the Emperor that a sweeping reform of tax collection be enacted, owing primarily to the government’s rapidly-expanding debt, incurred at the cost of bringing modernity, in all its forms, to Japan in a short period of time. The Bureau of Land Revenue was established to put in place and enforce land and property taxes for the first time in the country’s history, based on modern Western systems and methods, with taxes being collected in the form of the national currency, rather than in rice and other crops, as was traditionally done. This plan was hoped to improve government revenue by several orders of magnitude, thereby shrinking the budget, averting a potential future budgetary crisis, and opening the path for continued modernization on a wide scale, all under the guidance of Finance Minister Okuma Shigenobu. This was first expanded upon with the subsequent reformation of the old Dojima Rice Exchange into a center of foreign exchange, with the hope that the transition would allow the government to collect reserves in foreign exchange over a relatively short period of time.

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Minister of Finance Okuma Shigenobu made it his objective to reform government finances
Under advice of the reformist triumvirate and with the tacit backing of the Emperor, several freelance foreign war veterans helped to established the Imperial War College in the Qing capital of Peking, with smaller campuses and offshoot schools being established in Canton and Nanking. These schools were to be syncretic in nature, teaching fervently the works and words of Sunzi, as well as archery and swordsmanship, and combining it with what could be gleaned from leadership and organizational styles and decisions from Western militaries. As with most Qing education, a very thorough curriculum of examining and analysing the Four Books and Five Classics was included.

Efforts are made during the year in the Philippines to bring a modicum of civilisation to the inhabitants. Vigorously supported by the crown, missionaries and church officials make their way to the colony in droves, seeking to spread the word of Christ to them, and convert those who had not yet been converted. The clergy would thus help to teach Spanish to those in the hinterlands, while actual school facilities were established and managed by the colonial administration in the main cities and larger towns, as much as the funding permitted.

Other Events

  • January 9 – Umberto I becomes King of Italy.
  • January 24 – The revolutionary Vera Zasulich assasinates Fyodor Trepov, the Governor of Saint Petersburg.
  • January 28 – The Yale News becomes the first daily college newspaper in the United States.
  • February 7 – Pope Pius IX dies after a 31½ year reign (the longest definitely confirmed).
  • February 18 – The Davis County War begins in Davis County, Arizona.
  • February 19 – The phonograph is patented by Thomas Edison.
  • February 20 – Pope Leo XIII succeeds Pope Pius IX as the 256th pope.
  • February 28 – The Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State of Mississippi is created by the Mississippi Legislature.
  • March 24 – The British Royal Navy frigate HMS Eurydice capsizes in the English Channel, killing all but two of the 319 crew.
  • April 20 – The Stawell Gift is run for the first time in Australia.
  • May 2 – The Washburn "A" Mill in Minneapolis explodes, killing 18.
  • May 25 – Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera H.M.S. Pinafore debuts in London at the Opera Comique with a first run of 571 performances.
  • June 1 – General Postal Union renamed Universal Postal Union (UPU).
  • June 15 – Eadweard Muybridge produces the sequence of stop-motion still photographs Sallie Gardner at a Gallop in California, a predecessor of silent film demonstrating that all four feet of a galloping horse are off the ground at the same time.
  • June 20 – U.S. Coastal Survey renamed U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.
  • June 22 – Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld leaves Karlskrona on a voyage that will make him the first man to navigate the Northern Sea Route, a shipping lane from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean along the Siberian coast.
  • July 4 – A match race between champion thoroughbred racehorses Ten Broeck and Mollie McCarty draws more than 30,000 fans to Louisville and inspires the folk song, "Molly and Tenbrooks".
  • July 20 – Leo Tolstoy's novel Anna Karenina is published complete in book form in Moscow.
  • August 9 – The Wallingford Tornado of 1878, the deadliest tornado in Connecticut history, destroys the town of Wallingford, killing 34 people and injuring more than 70.
  • August 26 – Uyedineniya Island is discovered in the Kara Sea by Norwegian explorer Captain Edvard Holm Johannesen.
  • September 3 – Over 640 die when the crowded pleasure boat Princess Alice collides with the Bywell Castle in the River Thames.
  • September 20 – The Hindu, an Indian newspaper, is founded.
  • October 1 – Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College opens in the Confederate States.
  • October 14 – The world's first recorded floodlit football fixture is played at Bramall Lane in Sheffield, England.
  • October 30 – Remington, in the United States, introduce their No. 2 typewriter, the first with a shift key enabling production of lower as well as upper case characters.
  • October 31 – A fire destroys the Eldkvarn gristmill mill in Stockholm, Sweden.
  • November 17 – The first assassination attempt is made against Umberto I of Italy by anarchist Giovanni Passannante, armed with a dagger. The King survived with a slight wound in one arm. Prime minister Agostino Depretis blocks the aggressor, receiving a leg injury.
  • December 25 — Stella Maris Church in Sliema, Malta becomes a parish - seceding from the Parish of St. Helen's in Birkirkara.
  • Yellow fever in the Mississippi Valley kills over 13,000.
 
Last edited:
1879
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Great Powers
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Government: Constitutional Parliamentary Monarchy
Leader(s): Queen Victoria/Prime Minister Disraeli
Population: 33.560 m. 0.51% Growth ($4,979.41 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $167,108 m. -0.40% Decay | 9.34% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 77,476.08 m. Trade | $ 49,562.68 m. Industry (39.59% of Global Industry)
Administration: Good (25/35) | Colonial Administration: Average (19/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Good (26/35)
Modern Infrastructure: High-Grade (22/35)
Health & Welfare: Poor (10/35)
Education: Poor (14/35)
Government
Balance: $ 321.41 m.
Receipts: $ 11,585.25 m. (2.84% Average Tax Rate, 7.86% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 11,263.83 m. (7.9% Colonial | 17.84% Army | 20.64% Navy | 10.44% Administration | 6.24% Welfare | 8.16% Education | 3.53% Economy | 2.57% Auxiliary | 22.67% Debt Service) [$290m to the Netherlands until 1882]
Treasury: -$ 80,552 m. 3.17% Interest Rate (48.2% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 289,514 Regulars, 40,637 Colonials, Good (24/35) Equipment & Training, 1875 Technology
Active: 466,164 men, 1.39% of the population
Reserves: 1,959,837 Able bodied men
Navy: 8 Armoured Cruisers, 28 Ironclads, 6 Protected Cruisers, 87 Unprotected Cruisers, 93 Sailing Vessels, 283 Minor Vessels, Excellent (30/35) Equipment & Training, 1878 Technology [1/? Port Expansion]
Player: KingHigh99

Russian Empire
Government: Absolute Monarchy
Leader(s): Tsar Alexander II
Population: 95.338 m. 0.55% Growth ($1,233.45 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $117,595 m. 2.05% Growth | 2.39% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 20,449.34 m. Trade | $ 6,158.2 m. Industry (4.92% of Global Industry)
Administration: Poor (12/35) | Colonial Administration: Failing (5/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Average (15/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Standard (21/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (2/35)
Education: Failing (7/35)
Government
Balance: -$ 337.13 m.
Receipts: $ 4,607.33 m. (3.54% Average Tax Rate, 14.81% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 4,944.45 m. (0.03% Colonial | 24.74% Army | 15.53% Navy | 7.98% Administration | 3.06% Welfare | 9.4% Education | 5.48% Economy | 0.07% Auxiliary | 33.71% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 41,059 m. 4.06% Interest Rate (34.92% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 883,738 Regulars, 3,581 Marines, Average (20/35) Equipment & Training, 1875 Technology
Active: 948,719 men, 1.% of the population
Reserves: 5,502,735 Able bodied men
Navy: 12 Ironclads, 1 Protected Cruisers, 58 Unprotected Cruisers, 124 Minor Vessels, Poor (13/35) Equipment & Training, 1865 Technology [Naval Overhaul underway. 26 Ironclads, 10 Armoured Cruisers, 14 Protected Cruisers, 70 Unprotected Cruisers, 175 Minor Vessels planned.]
Player: jacobl-Lundgren

United States of America
Government: Constitutional Federal Republic
Leader(s): President Rutherford B. Hayes (R-OH)
Population: 33.807 m. 2.52% Growth ($3,585.70 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $121,222 m. 0.88% Growth | 8.58% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 2,510.92 m. Trade | $ 31,545.11 m. Industry (25.2% of Global Industry)
Administration: Average (18/35) | Colonial Administration: Poor (11/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Average (18/35)
Modern Infrastructure: High-Grade (26/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (2/35)
Education: Failing (7/35)
Government
Balance: -$ 3,154.61 m.
Receipts: $ 2,183.5 m. (2.41% Average Tax Rate, 38.15% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 5,338.12 m. (0.12% Colonial | 12.74% Army | 18.92% Navy | 11.47% Administration | 4.61% Welfare | 7.87% Education | 0.15% Economy | 28.08% Auxiliary | 16.04% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 16,438 m. 5.21% Interest Rate (13.56% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 65,214 Regulars, 4,587 Marines, Average (21/35) Equipment & Training, 1876 Technology
Active: 181,201 men, .54% of the population
Reserves: 1,618,859 Able bodied men
Navy: 11 Ironclads, 4 Protected Cruisers, 101 Unprotected Cruisers, 8 Sailing Vessels, 226 Minor Vessels, Average (20/35) Equipment & Training, 1876 Technology [+3 Protected Cruisers in 1881]
Player: MastahCheef117

French Empire
Government: Semi-Parliamentary Monarchy
Leader(s): Emperor Napoleon IV
Population: 41.377 m. 0.16% Growth ($2,496.82 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $103,312 m. 0.46% Growth | 11.09% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 29,249.84 m. Trade | $ 13,437.96 m. Industry (10.73% of Global Industry)
Administration: Average (20/35) | Colonial Administration: Poor (14/35) [2/? Devolution]
Basic Infrastructure: Good (24/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Standard (20/35)
Health & Welfare: Poor (12/35)
Education: Average (16/35)
Government
Balance: -$ 1,236.93 m.
Receipts: $ 5,509.14 m. (5.06% Average Tax Rate, 4.96% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 6,746.07 m. (1.34% Colonial | 19.14% Army | 11.3% Navy | 9.47% Administration | 7.63% Welfare | 10.21% Education | 14.94% Economy | 0.2% Auxiliary | 25.77% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 52,993 m. 3.28% Interest Rate (51.29% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 284,619 Regulars, 24,581 Colonials, 46,948 Marines, Good (25/35) Equipment & Training, 1877 Technology
Active: 413,667 men, 1.% of the population
Reserves: 2,631,051 Able bodied men
Navy: 2 Armoured Cruisers, 17 Ironclads, 3 Protected Cruisers, 53 Unprotected Cruisers, 223 Minor Vessels, Good (22/35) Equipment & Training, 1875 Technology
Player: etranger01

Secondary Powers
Germany
Government: Semi-Presidential Representative Federal Republic
Leader(s): President Rudolf Virchow/Chancellor Eugen Richter
Population: 33.961 m. 0.91% Growth ($2,256.25 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $76,624 m. 7.05% Growth | 10.73% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 22,380.64 m. Trade | $ 7,511.08 m. Industry (6.% of Global Industry)
Administration: Average (17/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Good (27/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Standard (17/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (6/35)
Education: Poor (14/35)
Government
Balance: -$ 1,253.5 m.
Receipts: $ 5,815.44 m. (6.28% Average Tax Rate, 16.85% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 7,068.94 m. (5.32% Army | 3.69% Navy | 5.43% Administration | 36.56% Welfare | 10.2% Education | 0.45% Economy | 0.04% Auxiliary | 38.32% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 62,847 m. 4.31% Interest Rate (82.02% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 88,361 Regulars, Average (20/35) Equipment & Training, 1873 Technology
Active: 100,411 men, .3% of the population
Reserves: 2,105,515 Able bodied men
Navy: 3 Ironclads, 7 Sailing Vessels, 34 Minor Vessels, Poor (13/35) Equipment & Training, 1868 Technology
Player: Fingon888

Austro-Hungarian Empire
Government: Semi-Constitutional Autocratic Monarchy
Leader(s): Kaiser Franz Joseph I
Population: 36.666 m. 0.73% Growth ($1,856.97 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $68,088 m. 3.59% Growth | 9.98% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 16,372.67 m. Trade | $ 5,741.81 m. Industry (4.59% of Global Industry)
Administration: Poor (14/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Good (22/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Standard (19/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (1/35)
Education: Poor (13/35)
Government
Balance: -$ 1,223.55 m.
Receipts: $ 2,630.93 m. (4.37% Average Tax Rate, 8.34% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 3,854.48 m. (12.1% Army | 6.95% Navy | 6.93% Administration | 3.37% Welfare | 10.39% Education | 3.48% Economy | 26.03% Auxiliary | 30.75% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 25,377 m. 4.67% Interest Rate (37.27% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 198,626 Regulars, Average (18/35) Equipment & Training, 1874 Technology [1/? Military Reforms]
Active: 214,526 men, .59% of the population
Reserves: 1,846,420 Able bodied men
Navy: 7 Ironclads, 15 Unprotected Cruisers, 26 Minor Vessels, Poor (12/35) Equipment & Training, 1873 Technology
Player: Korona

Kingdom of Italy
Government: Constitutional Monarchy
Leader(s): King Umberto I/Prime Minister Agostino Depretis
Population: 36.369 m. 0.57% Growth ($1,701.75 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $61,891 m. 3.06% Growth | 2.86% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 11,147.64 m. Trade | $ 4,363.69 m. Industry (3.49% of Global Industry)
Administration: Average (16/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Average (19/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Standard (18/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (5/35)
Education: Poor (10/35)
Government
Balance: -$ 219.05 m.
Receipts: $ 2,358.55 m. (4.97% Average Tax Rate, 10.34% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 2,577.6 m. (17.75% Army | 16.13% Navy | 11.85% Administration | 6.23% Welfare | 11.38% Education | 3.97% Economy | 1.75% Auxiliary | 30.94% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 15,248 m. 5.23% Interest Rate (24.64% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 258,369 Regulars, 2,410 Marines, Average (17/35) Equipment & Training, 1872 Technology
Active: 315,529 men, .87% of the population
Reserves: 1,546,768 Able bodied men
Navy: 17 Ironclads, 1 Protected Cruisers, 38 Unprotected Cruisers, 16 Sailing Vessels, 89 Minor Vessels, Average (17/35) Equipment & Training, 1874 Technology [+1 Ironclad in 1879 | General Expansion Underway | Training Programme until 1880]
Player: aedan777

Kingdom of Spain
Government: Constitutional Monarchy
Leader(s): King Juan III/Prime Minister Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
Population: 18.656 m. 0.59% Growth ($1,517.73 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $28,315 m. 3.47% Growth | 2.46% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 7,584.18 m. Trade | $ 1,334.42 m. Industry (1.07% of Global Industry)
Administration: Average (16/35) | Colonial Administration: Poor (12/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Average (15/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Substandard (12/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (1/35)
Education: Failing (6/35)
Government
Balance: $ 151.74 m.
Receipts: $ 1,832.43 m. (5.87% Average Tax Rate, 12.17% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 1,680.69 m. (10.7% Colonial | 11.29% Army | 10.77% Navy | 8.69% Administration | 2.54% Welfare | 7.27% Education | 3.96% Economy | 0.21% Auxiliary | 44.57% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 20,355 m. 3.68% Interest Rate (71.89% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 156,418 Regulars, 4,453 Colonials, 4,396 Marines, Poor (12/35) Equipment & Training, 1872 Technology
Active: 206,764 men, 1.11% of the population
Reserves: 764,534 Able bodied men
Navy: 10 Ironclads, 35 Unprotected Cruisers, 7 Sailing Vessels, 95 Minor Vessels, Average (17/35) Equipment & Training, 1874 Technology
Player: stormbringer

Ottoman Empire
Government: Absolute Monarchy
Leader(s): Sultan Abdülaziz I
Population: 29.300 m. 5.16% Growth ($1,027.22 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $30,097 m. 7.25% Growth | 2.44% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 4,970.52 m. Trade | $ 1,195.4 m. Industry (0.95% of Global Industry)
Administration: Poor (14/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Poor (14/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Standard (19/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (5/35)
Education: Poor (8/35)
Government
Balance: -$ 170.12 m.
Receipts: $ 1,260.69 m. (3.84% Average Tax Rate, 14.64% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 1,430.81 m. (15.83% Army | 11.22% Navy | 8.25% Administration | 5.37% Welfare | 9.44% Education | 10.5% Economy | 0.77% Auxiliary | 38.62% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 15,924 m. 3.47% Interest Rate (52.91% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 279,825 Regulars, Average (17/35) Equipment & Training, 1865 Technology
Active: 327,375 men, 1.12% of the population
Reserves: 1,012,300 Able bodied men
Navy: 3 Ironclads, 4 Protected Cruisers, 46 Unprotected Cruisers, 96 Minor Vessels, Average (17/35) Equipment & Training, 1870 Technology
Player: KeldoniaSkylar

Confederate States of America
Government: Constitutional Federal Republic
Leader(s): President Judah P. Benjamin (D-LA)
Population: 10.826 m. 1.53% Growth ($1,930.59 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $20,901 m. 0.70% Growth | 9.08% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 4,919.61 m. Trade | $ 1,574.89 m. Industry (1.26% of Global Industry)
Administration: Poor (11/35) | Colonial Administration: Poor (8/35) [ACS 1/?]
Basic Infrastructure: Poor (11/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Substandard (12/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (1/35)
Education: Failing (4/35) [Education 1/?]
Government
Balance: -$ 24.41 m.
Receipts: $ 702.81 m. (2.87% Average Tax Rate, 10.43% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 727.22 m. (1.37% Colonial | 16.33% Army | 14.7% Navy | 8.39% Administration | 1.76% Welfare | 8.28% Education | 1.66% Economy | 0.46% Auxiliary | 47.05% Debt Service) [$112m. to the United Kingdom for debt service]
Treasury: -$ 7,808 m. 2.94% Interest Rate (37.36% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 39,862 Regulars, 2,241 Marines, Average (17/35) Equipment & Training, 1873 Technology
Active: 61,853 men, .57% of the population
Reserves: 494,887 Able bodied men
Navy: 3 Ironclads, 1 Protected Cruisers, 8 Unprotected Cruisers, 4 Sailing Vessels, 57 Minor Vessels, Poor (10/35) Equipment & Training, 1870 Technology
Player: Noco19

Minor Powers
Argentine Republic
Government: Constitutional Federal Republic
Leader(s): President Ricardo López Jordán
Population: 2.379 m. 2.25% Growth ($1,817.50 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $4,324 m. 5.19% Growth | 2.85% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 1,082.34 m. Trade | $ 358.05 m. Industry (0.29% of Global Industry)
Administration: Average (16/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Average (18/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Standard (15/35)
Health & Welfare: Poor (8/35)
Education: Poor (8/35)
Government
Balance: $ 81.09 m.
Receipts: $ 222.72 m. (.71% Average Tax Rate, 20.14% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 141.64 m. (33.73% Army | 21.26% Navy | 20.54% Administration | 3.74% Welfare | 12.73% Education | 4.34% Economy | 3.66% Auxiliary | 0.% Debt Service)
Treasury: $ 301 m. 2.41% Interest Rate (-6.96% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 17,996 Regulars, Average (15/35) Equipment & Training, 1875 Technology
Active: 25,746 men, 1.08% of the population
Reserves: 127,769 Able bodied men
Navy: 5 Ironclads, 30 Minor Vessels, Poor (11/35) Equipment & Training, 1873 Technology
Player: Harpsichord

Kingdom of Belgium
Government: Constitutional Monarchy
Leader(s): King Leopold II/Prime Minister Prince Eugène (Liberal)
Population: 5.468 m. 0.43% Growth ($2,645.04 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $14,463 m. 0.18% Growth | 12.22% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 4,454.6 m. Trade | $ 1,950.26 m. Industry (1.56% of Global Industry)
Administration: Average (16/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Average (21/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Standard (16/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (3/35)
Education: Poor (9/35)
Government
Balance: $ 28.65 m.
Receipts: $ 538.95 m. (3.46% Average Tax Rate, 8.42% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 510.29 m. (20.79% Army | 11.27% Navy | 12.72% Administration | 2.97% Welfare | 11.92% Education | 2.81% Economy | 2.2% Auxiliary | 35.32% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 5,853 m. 3.08% Interest Rate (40.47% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 35,027 Regulars, 982 Marines, Average (17/35) Equipment & Training, 1872 Technology
Active: 39,209 men, .72% of the population
Reserves: 214,696 Able bodied men
Navy: 16 Minor Vessels, Poor (10/35) Equipment & Training, 1875 Technology
Player: Gorganslayer

Empire of Brazil
Government: Constitutional Monarchy
Leader(s): Emperor Pedro II/Prime Minister João Lins Vieira Cansanção de Sinimbu
Population: 12.115 m. 1.53% Growth ($1,103.34 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $13,367 m. 4.16% Growth | 2.8% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 1,206.01 m. Trade | $ 624.69 m. Industry (0.5% of Global Industry)
Administration: Poor (10/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Poor (14/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Standard (18/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (1/35)
Education: Poor (10/35)
Government
Balance: $ 28.11 m.
Receipts: $ 318.35 m. (.97% Average Tax Rate, 23.14% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 290.24 m. (14.64% Army | 21.68% Navy | 14.77% Administration | 1.04% Welfare | 31.18% Education | 3.69% Economy | 1.14% Auxiliary | 11.86% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 804 m. 4.28% Interest Rate (6.01% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 28,650 Regulars, Failing (7/35) Equipment & Training, 1868 Technology
Active: 47,600 men, .39% of the population
Reserves: 549,243 Able bodied men
Navy: 5 Ironclads, 12 Sailing Vessels, 50 Minor Vessels, Failing (5/35) Equipment & Training, 1869 Technology
Player: Sneakyflaps

Tsardom of Bulgaria
Government: Autocratic Monarchy
Leader(s): Tsar Michael I
Population: 2.876 m. 0.27% Growth ($1,233.56 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $3,548 m. 2.23% Growth | 11.85% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 705.72 m. Trade | $ 188.65 m. Industry (0.15% of Global Industry)
Administration: Failing (3/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Poor (11/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Standard (19/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (1/35)
Education: Failing (2/35)
Government
Balance: -$ 22.62 m.
Receipts: $ 53.5 m. (1.86% Average Tax Rate, 4.05% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 76.12 m. (17.51% Army | 11.14% Navy | 3.57% Administration | 1.07% Welfare | 10.28% Education | 10.51% Economy | 19.21% Auxiliary | 26.7% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 594 m. 3.42% Interest Rate (16.75% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 2,169 Regulars, 9,841 Conscripts, Poor (12/35) Equipment & Training, 1872 Technology
Active: 13,610 men, .47% of the population
Reserves: 114,977 Able bodied men
Navy: 8 Minor Vessels, Failing (2/35) Equipment & Training, 1864 Technology
Player: Julius Maximus

Kingdom of Canada
Government: Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy
Leader(s): Queen Victoria II/Prime Minister John Macdonald
Population: 5.056 m. 3.68% Growth ($1,671.34 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $8,450 m. 2.45% Growth | 2.34% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 1,927.26 m. Trade | $ 579.43 m. Industry (0.46% of Global Industry)
Administration: Average (16/35) | Colonial Administration: Poor (10/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Average (18/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Substandard (14/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (1/35)
Education: Failing (5/35)
Government
Balance: -$ 6.03 m.
Receipts: $ 138.31 m. (1.86% Average Tax Rate, 4.05% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 144.34 m. (0.08% Colonial | 24.23% Army | 20.29% Navy | 27.58% Administration | 2.74% Welfare | 19.69% Education | 1.79% Economy | 3.13% Auxiliary | 0.47% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 19 m. 3.54% Interest Rate (.23% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 6,681 Regulars, Poor (12/35) Equipment & Training, 1874 Technology
Active: 8,981 men, .18% of the population
Reserves: 266,447 Able bodied men
Navy: 2 Unprotected Cruisers, 6 Minor Vessels, Poor (9/35) Equipment & Training, 1871 Technology
Player: Dadarian

Republic of Chile
Government: Constitutional Federal Republic
Leader(s): President Alvaro Covarrubias Ortúzar
Population: 2.310 m. 1.65% Growth ($1,605.87 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $3,709 m. 4.69% Growth | 2.81% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 829.87 m. Trade | $ 219.19 m. Industry (0.18% of Global Industry)
Administration: Average (16/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Average (16/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Standard (15/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (4/35)
Education: Failing (7/35)
Government
Balance: $ 66.45 m.
Receipts: $ 215.01 m. (5.04% Average Tax Rate, 18.06% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 148.56 m. (26.33% Army | 26.54% Navy | 10.64% Administration | 3.06% Welfare | 9.63% Education | 0.7% Economy | 4.43% Auxiliary | 18.65% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 863 m. 3.21% Interest Rate (23.27% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 24,361 Regulars, Average (16/35) Equipment & Training, 1876 Technology
Active: 43,561 men, 1.89% of the population
Reserves: 104,645 Able bodied men
Navy: 6 Ironclads, 2 Unprotected Cruisers, 11 Sailing Vessels, 47 Minor Vessels, Poor (13/35) Equipment & Training, 1872 Technology
Player: Mikkel Gladder

Great Qing
Government: Absolute Monarchy
Leader(s): Tongzhi Emperor
Population: 393.990 m. 0.12% Growth ($554.41 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $218,432 m. 0.22% Growth | 3.85% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 22,635.59 m. Trade | $ 2,167.82 m. Industry (1.73% of Global Industry)
Administration: Poor (9/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Poor (11/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Fledgeling (3/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (1/35)
Education: Failing (1/35)
Government
Balance: $ 71.53 m.
Receipts: $ 4,374.6 m. (1.67% Average Tax Rate, 14.79% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 4,303.07 m. (14.5% Army | 14.29% Navy | 12.08% Administration | 0.17% Welfare | 0.66% Education | 0.86% Economy | 0.35% Auxiliary | 57.09% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 84,413 m. 2.91% Interest Rate (38.64% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 432,670 Regulars, Poor (13/35) Equipment & Training, 1868 Technology
Active: 467,370 men, .12% of the population
Reserves: 17,405,212 Able bodied men
Navy: 14 Unprotected Cruisers, 17 Sailing Vessels, 84 Minor Vessels, Poor (9/35) Equipment & Training, 1870 Technology
Player: Rolman

United States of Gran Colombia
Government: Federal republic
Leader(s): President José María Rojas Garrido
Population: 4.865 m. 1.02% Growth ($973.47 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $4,736 m. 3.02% Growth | 2.62% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 623.09 m. Trade | $ 128.54 m. Industry (0.1% of Global Industry)
Administration: Poor (12/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Poor (12/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Substandard (8/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (2/35)
Education: Poor (8/35)
Government
Balance: $ 75.31 m.
Receipts: $ 198.18 m. (.61% Average Tax Rate, 28.61% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 122.87 m. (15.92% Army | 17.24% Navy | 19.4% Administration | 1.92% Welfare | 16.99% Education | 14.73% Economy | 1.07% Auxiliary | 12.72% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 339 m. 4.61% Interest Rate (7.16% Debt to GDP) [$198m French debt in default. Cannot borrow from Europe.]
National Defence
Army: 6,321 Regulars, 2,014 Conscripts, Average (16/35) Equipment & Training, 1869 Technology
Active: 17,785 men, .37% of the population
Reserves: 236,619 Able bodied men
Navy: 2 Ironclads, 9 Unprotected Cruisers, 19 Minor Vessels, Poor (9/35) Equipment & Training, 1864 Technology
Player: Arrowfiend

Khedivate of Egypt
Government: Constitutional monarchy
Leader(s): Khedive Isma'il Pasha
Population: 9.355 m. 1.53% Growth ($707.06 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $6,615 m. 5.32% Growth | 2.34% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 1,083.54 m. Trade | $ 87.52 m. Industry (0.07% of Global Industry)
Administration: Poor (12/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Poor (8/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Fledgeling (5/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (1/35)
Education: Poor (11/35)
Government
Balance: $ 127.68 m.
Receipts: $ 367.39 m. (5.49% Average Tax Rate, 15.43% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 239.71 m. (21.59% Army | 4.72% Navy | 8.79% Administration | 1.34% Welfare | 13.51% Education | 16.23% Economy | 0.23% Auxiliary | 33.59% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 2,294 m. 3.51% Interest Rate (34.68% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 48,210 Regulars, Average (18/35) Equipment & Training, 1874 Technology
Active: 55,860 men, .6% of the population
Reserves: 422,832 Able bodied men
Navy: 3 Unprotected Cruisers, 4 Sailing Vessels, 18 Minor Vessels, Failing (6/35) Equipment & Training, 1870 Technology
Player: Kho

Empire of Ethiopia
Government: Absolute Monarchy
Leader(s): Emperor Menelik II
Population: 10.031 m. 2.80% Growth ($748.69 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $7,510 m. 2.05% Growth | 2.4% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 349.82 m. Trade | $ 124.36 m. Industry (0.1% of Global Industry)
Administration: Failing (5/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Poor (9/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Fledgeling (6/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (1/35)
Education: Failing (1/35)
Government
Balance: -$ 69.46 m.
Receipts: $ 155.26 m. (3.46% Average Tax Rate, 14.67% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 224.72 m. (23.77% Army | 0.22% Navy | 7.57% Administration | 0.08% Welfare | 0.42% Education | 0.41% Economy | 3.26% Auxiliary | 64.26% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 2,689 m. 5.37% Interest Rate (35.81% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 68,441 Regulars, 10,917 Conscripts, Poor (14/35) Equipment & Training, 1866 Technology
Active: 82,958 men, .83% of the population
Reserves: 376,057 Able bodied men
Navy: 5 Sailing Vessels, 3 Minor Vessels, Failing (1/35) Equipment & Training, 1850 Technology
Player: baboushreturns

Kingdom of Greece
Government: Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy
Leader(s): King George I/Prime Minister Alexandros Koumoundouros
Population: 4.630 m. 0.51% Growth ($993.25 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $4,598 m. 3.93% Growth | 2.79% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 840.95 m. Trade | $ 154.17 m. Industry (0.12% of Global Industry)
Administration: Average (15/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Average (16/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Substandard (13/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (1/35)
Education: Poor (8/35)
Government
Balance: $ 56.24 m.
Receipts: $ 160.61 m. (2.38% Average Tax Rate, 14.67% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 104.37 m. (27.38% Army | 14.21% Navy | 18.52% Administration | 4.85% Welfare | 14.91% Education | 3.32% Economy | 4.45% Auxiliary | 12.35% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 2,579 m. .5% Interest Rate (56.08% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 32,391 Regulars, Poor (14/35) Equipment & Training, 1871 Technology
Active: 37,591 men, .81% of the population
Reserves: 177,789 Able bodied men
Navy: 4 Sailing Vessels, 14 Minor Vessels, Failing (5/35) Equipment & Training, 1869 Technology
Player: TJDS

Greater Japanese Empire
Government: Oligarchic monarchy
Leader(s): Emperor Meiji
Population: 39.314 m. 0.12% Growth ($669.63 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $26,326 m. 1.95% Growth | 3.1% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 2,140.54 m. Trade | $ 455.55 m. Industry (0.36% of Global Industry)
Administration: Poor (14/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Poor (14/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Substandard (8/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (1/35)
Education: Poor (8/35)
Government
Balance: -$ 151.56 m.
Receipts: $ 565.3 m. (3.61% Average Tax Rate, 2.87% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 716.85 m. (15.23% Army | 18.5% Navy | 13.68% Administration | 5.45% Welfare | 15.89% Education | 17.54% Economy | 13.71% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 3,681 m. 2.67% Interest Rate (13.98% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 40,829 Regulars, Average (18/35) Equipment & Training, 1875 Technology
Active: 61,729 men, .16% of the population
Reserves: 1,744,045 Able bodied men
Navy: 2 Ironclads, 24 Unprotected Cruisers, 3 Sailing Vessels, 26 Minor Vessels, Average (19/35) Equipment & Training, 1876 Technology
Player: Cloud_Strife

Kingdom of the Netherlands
Government: Constitutional monarchy
Leader(s): King William III
Population: 4.105 m. 0.43% Growth ($2,609.39 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $10,712 m. -0.18% Decay | 7.95% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 3,113.2 m. Trade | $ 1,318.68 m. Industry (1.05% of Global Industry)
Administration: Average (15/35) | Colonial Administration: Poor (11/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Average (18/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Standard (16/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (2/35)
Education: Poor (8/35)
Government
Balance: $ 65.25 m.
Receipts: $ 1,418.78 m. (5.21% Average Tax Rate, 7.94% Tariff Rate) [$290m from the United Kingdom until 1882]
Expenditures: $ 1,353.53 m. (5.74% Colonial | 6.59% Army | 10.12% Navy | 3.33% Administration | 0.5% Welfare | 3.05% Education | 4.56% Economy | 66.12% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 15,952 m. 5.61% Interest Rate (148.92% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 38,941 Regulars, 2,481 Colonials, 541 Marines, Average (16/35) Equipment & Training, 1870 Technology
Active: 77,482 men, 1.89% of the population
Reserves: 194,617 Able bodied men
Navy: 4 Ironclads, 48 Unprotected Cruisers, 51 Minor Vessels, Average (17/35) Equipment & Training, 1873 Technology
Player: none

Peru–Bolivian Confederation
Government: Presidential Confedederal Republic
Leader(s): President Hilarión Daza
Population: 4.859 m. 0.82% Growth ($843.86 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $4,100 m. 1.30% Growth | 2.51% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 503.98 m. Trade | $ 57.98 m. Industry (0.05% of Global Industry)
Administration: Poor (10/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Poor (14/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Fledgeling (3/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (2/35)
Education: Failing (4/35)
Government
Balance: $ 38.85 m.
Receipts: $ 151.67 m. (1.41% Average Tax Rate, 22.47% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 112.82 m. (29.98% Army | 15.53% Navy | 9.63% Administration | 2.79% Welfare | 11.85% Education | 11.2% Economy | 19.02% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 559 m. 3.84% Interest Rate (13.63% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 48,361 Regulars, 11,471 Conscripts, Average (15/35) Equipment & Training, 1869 Technology
Active: 69,882 men, 1.44% of the population
Reserves: 163,295 Able bodied men
Navy: 5 Ironclads, 2 Unprotected Cruisers, 4 Sailing Vessels, 24 Minor Vessels, Poor (10/35) Equipment & Training, 1862 Technology
Player: luc124

Commonwealth of Poland
Government: Presidential Republic
Leader(s): President Romuald Traugutt/State Minister Stefan Bobrowski
Population: 11.380 m. 1.54% Growth ($1,166.70 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $13,277 m. 3.52% Growth | 2.48% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 1,253.93 m. Trade | $ 536.79 m. Industry (0.43% of Global Industry)
Administration: Poor (13/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Average (19/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Substandard (14/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (3/35)
Education: Poor (8/35)
Government
Balance: -$ 69.8 m.
Receipts: $ 369.11 m. (3.24% Average Tax Rate, 8.94% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 438.92 m. (21.08% Army | 1.79% Navy | 10.45% Administration | 2.05% Welfare | 13.26% Education | 20.94% Economy | 30.42% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 4,363 m. 3.06% Interest Rate (32.86% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 48,361 Regulars, 11,471 Conscripts, Average (17/35) Equipment & Training, 1875 Technology
Active: 60,232 men, .53% of the population
Reserves: 756,372 Able bodied men
Navy: 2 Minor Vessels, Failing (6/35) Equipment & Training, 1866 Technology
Player: Maxwell500

Kingdom of Portugal
Government: Constitutional Monarchy
Leader(s): King Luis I/Prime Minister Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo
Population: 4.988 m. 0.88% Growth ($922.13 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $4,599 m. 0.58% Growth | 7.06% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 1,049.32 m. Trade | $ 117.69 m. Industry (0.09% of Global Industry)
Administration: Poor (12/35) | Colonial Administration: Poor (11/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Average (15/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Substandard (10/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (1/35)
Education: Failing (4/35)
Government
Balance: $ 30.17 m.
Receipts: $ 178.73 m. (3.93% Average Tax Rate, 8.28% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 148.56 m. (1.49% Colonial | 21.51% Army | 17.59% Navy | 10.39% Administration | 6.08% Welfare | 10.04% Education | 10.27% Economy | 0.76% Auxiliary | 21.86% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 939 m. 3.46% Interest Rate (20.41% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 48,254 Regulars, 3,214 Colonials, Poor (13/35) Equipment & Training, 1869 Technology
Active: 61,304 men, 1.23% of the population
Reserves: 168,590 Able bodied men
Navy: 5 Ironclads, 6 Unprotected Cruisers, 3 Sailing Vessels, 31 Minor Vessels, Poor (12/35) Equipment & Training, 1872 Technology
Player: Naxhi

Kingdom of Romania
Government: Constitutional monarchy
Leader(s): King Carol I
Population: 5.094 m. 0.71% Growth ($969.79 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $4,940 m. 0.75% Growth | 4.5% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 895.67 m. Trade | $ 127.6 m. Industry (0.1% of Global Industry)
Administration: Poor (12/35) | Colonial Administration: Poor (11/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Average (15/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Substandard (10/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (1/35)
Education: Failing (4/35)
Government
Balance: -$ 204.1 m.
Receipts: $ 198.29 m. (4.97% Average Tax Rate, 11.83% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 402.39 m. (9.74% Army | 6.86% Navy | 4.12% Administration | 0.88% Welfare | 3.97% Education | 3.16% Economy | 55.04% Auxiliary | 16.23% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 1,515 m. 4.31% Interest Rate (30.67% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 55,147 Regulars, Poor (13/35) Equipment & Training, 1871 Technology
Active: 73,147 men, 1.44% of the population
Reserves: 283,708 Able bodied men
Navy: 2 Ironclads, 6 Unprotected Cruisers, 11 Sailing Vessels, 37 Minor Vessels, Poor (12/35) Equipment & Training, 1862 Technology
Player: alexander23

Principality of Serbia
Government: Constitutional monarchy
Leader(s): Prince Milan Obrenović IV
Population: 2.800 m. 0.96% Growth ($882.73 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $2,472 m. -1.17% Decay | 9.61% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 252.14 m. Trade | $ 48.49 m. Industry (0.04% of Global Industry)
Administration: Poor (8/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Poor (13/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Fledgeling (7/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (1/35)
Education: Failing (3/35)
Government
Balance: -$ .69 m.
Receipts: $ 69.06 m. (4.97% Average Tax Rate, 11.83% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 69.74 m. (46.57% Army | 5.81% Navy | 7.48% Administration | 4.71% Welfare | 5.54% Education | 2.43% Economy | 27.46% Debt Service)
Treasury: -$ 606 m. 3.16% Interest Rate (24.52% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 29,814 Regulars, 74,541 Conscripts, Poor (9/35) Equipment & Training, 1873 Technology
Active: 104,955 men, 3.75% of the population
Reserves: 25,913 Able bodied men
Navy: 3 Minor Vessels, Failing (1/35) Equipment & Training, 1858 Technology
Player: none

United Kingdoms of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark
Government: Constitutional monarchies
Leader(s): King Karl XV/IV/I
Population: 8.612 m. 0.45% Growth ($1,411.21 GDP per Capita)
Economy: $12,153 m. 1.23% Growth | 3.68% Unemployment | Market Economy
Trade & Industry: $ 1,667.95 m. Trade | $ 492.57 m. Industry (0.39% of Global Industry)
Administration: Average (16/35)
Basic Infrastructure: Average (18/35)
Modern Infrastructure: Substandard (10/35)
Health & Welfare: Failing (1/35)
Education: Poor (14/35)
Government
Balance: $ 72.73 m.
Receipts: $ 458.2 m. (4.97% Average Tax Rate, 11.83% Tariff Rate)
Expenditures: $ 385.47 m. (19.6% Army | 14.66% Navy | 14.15% Administration | 0.9% Welfare | 19.37% Education | 7.05% Economy | 15.57% Auxiliary | 8.71% Debt Service) [$60 million in reparation to Austria until 1891]
Treasury: -$ 1,062 m. 3.16% Interest Rate (8.74% Debt to GDP)
National Defence
Army: 49,634 Regulars, Poor (12/35) Equipment & Training, 1872 Technology
Active: 65,684 men, .76% of the population
Reserves: 351,026 Able bodied men
Navy: 1 Ironclads, 6 Unprotected Cruisers, 8 Sailing Vessels, 38 Minor Vessels, Poor (11/35) Equipment & Training, 1869 Technology
Player: Luftwafer
 
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DEADLINE NOTICE

Orders for Minor & Secondary Powers due on October 5th at noon Eastern. Orders for Great Powers due on October 6th at noon Eastern.
 
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In Response to the rebels in Bosnia
Bosnians why do you resist glorious Serbia. Are we not your brothers? Did we not stand side by side on the fields of Kosovo against the Turkish hordes? Do we not speak one language separate by nothing more than regional differences not uncommon to other peoples? So why do you fight against us and unity for the Greater Serbian people? There is only one reason why you are fighting against us in my mind and that is the foul corrupting influence of the infidel Muslims among you who have warped your minds to serve not your own interests but that of the foul Turk. I'm sure once order has been restored we will find the agents responsible for this be. Then we can restore the rightful situation and cleanse Bosnia of Muslim influence once and for all and restore the rightful position of the Orthodox faith among the Bosnians beginning to restore it to the principal faith of all Southern Slavs as it should be. Once the Muslim influence has been driven out there will be no reason for fighting to continue. After all we are all Serbians of one sought or another are we not. A few odd customs or words in your dialect do not make us different people. We are one people with one Nation and that Nation should be Serbia. Once the corrupting influences of Islam are cleansed from Bosnia all will go well I'm certain and we can all move forward together.
 
BE ADVISED

Poland and the Netherlands are open.
 
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The French Empire
Ministry of War

At His Majesty's command and at the request of the Polish government, the Ministry of War shall dispatch an advisory task force to the Commonwealth of Poland, to consist of soldiers and officers of the Imperial Guard and the Imperial Gendarmerie, within the coming year. This advisory group shall assist in the modernization of the Polish army and provide expert advice to the Polish military and police on addressing cross-border banditry, as well as other security issues.

François Achille Bazaine
Minister of War
 
320px-Flag_of_the_Aceh_Sultanate.png

كاورجاون اچيه دارالسلام
Disturbed by the recent treaty between the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, with whom we have entered into pacific relations with after their attempts at subjugating the peoples of the Sultanate, we hereby request the official assistance of the Ottoman Empire, under the terms of the treaty signed between Suleiman the Magnificent and Alauddin al-Kahar.
 
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The Austro-Hungarian Empire
His Imperial and Royal Majesty views the actions and the statement of the Prince of Serbia as most troublesome. His Imperial and Royal Majesty hoped that His Serene Highness the Prince of Serbia would abstain from this violence, and is most disappointed to see the promulgation of hostile and violent statements that can only serve to further destabilize the Balkans. His Imperial and Royal Majesty shall not tolerate this wanton destruction, and for the sake of his subjects, shall not tolerate it spreading further north into the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

His Imperial and Royal Majesty has decided that it is in the best interests of the Principality of Serbia and the Balkan region that a peacekeeping force be sent into Bosnia, to ensure that peace and prosperity be maintained throughout Serbia and the Balkans. His Imperial and Royal Majesty only desires peace in Serbia, and is acting purely in that regard.

~ Heinrich Karl Baron von Haymerle,
Foreign Minister of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
 
Treaty of Amity and Protection between His Majesty the Emperor of the French
and the Sultans of Majerteen, Geledi, Warsangli, and Hobyo

("The Franco-Somali Agreement of 1879")
Art. I. His Majesty the Emperor of the French (henceforth "His Majesty") on the one hand and Their Highnesses the Sultans of Majerteen, Geledi, Warsangli, and Hobyo (henceforth "Their Highnesses") on the other, do hereby agree to establish an enduring friendship and state of tranquility between their realms and peoples.

Art. II. Their Highnesses do hereby place themselves under His Majesty's imperial protection and swear perpetual loyalty to His Majesty, as his direct subjects and vassals, on behalf of their realms and peoples. His Majesty does confirm their hereditary rulership over their realms and peoples and ensures their continued rights and autonomy as his subjects.

Art. III. Their Highnesses shall individually be responsible for providing His Majesty with ((10m statbucks)) each year in tribute, in gratitude for His Majesty's protection and friendship.

Art. IV. His Majesty shall dispatch ministers and delegations of suitable rank to treat with and assist in the reign of Their Highnesses and shall establish permanent consulates in their capitals as part of that assistance.

Art. V. His Majesty shall establish military outposts of the French Army and Foreign Legion within Their Highnesses' realms to provide assistance with reforms and security and shall establish such naval outposts as are necessary to ensure coastal protection.

Art. VI. His Majesty and Their Highnesses shall offer preferential trade terms to the other on behalf of their realms. His Majesty shall establish customs houses and port authorities within the realms of Their Highnesses to assist with the collection of tariffs and other duties.

Art. VII. Their Highnesses extend to His Majesty and all French citizens the right of unrestricted and protected traffic within their realms, so long as that traffic is not disruptive to the stability of the realm.
[X] Count Daru, Minister of Foreign Affairs, on behalf of His Majesty the Emperor of the French
[X] Majerteen
[X] Geledi
[X] Warsangli
[X] Hobyo
 
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[X] Majerteen
[X] Geledi
[X] Warsangli
[X] Hobyo
 
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The Imperial and Royal General Staff
Addressed to Feldzeugmeister Josip Filipović Freiherr von Phillipsberg

Most Noble Herr,

With the advent of Serbian instability, you are tasked with restoring order to the Bosnian region on behalf of His Imperial and Royal Majesty the Kaiser und König. You have been assigned command of the Bosnian Expeditionary Force, with 50,000 regulars under your command, and with Feldmarschallleutnent Stjepan Freiherr von Jovanović as your subordinate commander. It is mandatory that you do not engage the forces of the Prince of Serbia if not necessary, with your primary objective being the occupation of Bosnia. It is paramount that this operation be executed swift and expertly, but rest assured that in the eyes of the international community at large, you have the full support of the powers that be. Do your duty to your God, your Kaiser, and your King.

Respectfully,
General der Kavallrie Archduke Leopold Ludwig,
Staatminister for War
 
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Given their ability to swiftly respond to the region the Russian government is accepting the Austrian intervention plan. We view this as a stabilizing action and not one that will change national borders. It is in their own interests to keep the situation stable and calm.

As well the Russian government is placing the Lithuanian borderlands with poland under martial law. This will cover the governing bodies facing unrest and sabotage due to the criminal organization claiming credit. This will not last long, if order is easily restored and the criminals are brought to justice. Anarchists, traitors and bandits are trying to disrupt the order of the empire. This will not be allowed. If all goes well this proclamation will last only 2 years.

~ Statement released from the Russian Imperial government
 
The Ottoman Empire bound by the resolve and necessity to honor its treaty bound relations and in the spirit of fraternity with our Muslim brothers will oblige the request of friends and most noble protectorate in the Sultanate of Aceh. The Ottoman Empire shall aid brothers under the terms of the treaty signed by our forefathers the great Sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent and Alauddin al-Kahar. May there forever be continued prosperity and peace for the peoples of Aceh, the Ottoman Empire, and the people of the Muslim faith.
 
Amendment to the 1878 Treaty of Panama
Article II, Section 3. The United States shall make a one-time payment of $10,000,000* to Gran Colombia.

Article III. The United States shall reaffirm its commitment to the Wallis-Seymour treaty and to Gran Colombian sovereignty and independence.

*Statbucks

[X] Germán Rodríguez Sarmiento, Minister of Foreign Affairs for the United States of Great Colombia
[X] James Abram Garfield, Secretary of State for the United States of America
 
Amendment to the 1878 Treaty of Panama

JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD

Secretary of State of the United States
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The House of Commons

Minutes of the National Policy Speech

Sir John Alexander Macdonald

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Joseph-Goderic Blanchet, MP for Lévis, Speaker of the House.

"The Speaker recognises the Rt. Hon. Member from Kingston."

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Sir John Alexander Macdonald, MP for Kingston, Prime Minister & Minister of the Interior.

"Mr. Speaker, our victory has secured a viable and definitive voice. Our way and our platform is clear, to reinforce the strength of the Canadian economy. As such, the National Policy in which I campaigned on, on which this entire Government supports, will be enacted. American industries, protected from competition within the United States by high tariffs, run amok within our provinces. Our labour and our capital is moved south at dimes on the dollar, while domestic industry languishes without the needed support a government can provide. These industries will now be protected! No longer will republican business ride roughshod in the Kingdom.


To whit, economic advancement will finally develop in Canada. But, to preempt the complaints I can hear rising from our Liberal colleagues across the aisle, I will not advocate the rising of tariffs on material goods. Those materials that are not made in Canada, be it the plain cotton plant or the mighty sugar plant, will be brought about into Canada without undue interruption. This will not undermine the nascent textile industries in Toronto, nor the alcohol distilleries, nor the tobacco rollers, the foundries, nor the shipyards

But we will not stop there. Halifax will be grown, greater than Boston, New York, or Norfolk. For the American Empire, that debaucherous entity to our south, will never surmount the power of the British Empire, nor the French Empire. For while the entanglements of Mexico, the Confederacy, and the Caribbean drag down the United States, Canada stands strong as the singular institution of decency, industry, and the trail to happiness that we all seek.

The Kingdom shall no longer be dependent on the charity of our neighbours, for to bring real strength to the Empire, we must be able to stand alone.

This includes not only turning back the Liberal cuts to the Permanent Active Militia, but an expansion needed in order to govern and patrol the vast spaces of Canada. This includes the development of a ship, a unique ship, a Canadian ship, designed to explore the Northern waters of the Arctic Island and prove to London the capabilities of Halifax. This includes the development of Canadian defenses not seen since the Three Day War. Canada shall not be a subject of pity for the Empire, but of strength!

This National Policy, including both the economy and the military, shall invigorate Canada, protect the Kingdom, and entrench this land as one that is uniquely bereft of the failures of the South, from Civil War to poverty to mass executions!

God Save the Empress, God Save the Empire, God Save the Kingdom!"


Loud applause from the Conservatives regains order.
 
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His Majesty the Emperor of the French

WE, in Our capacity as Emperor of the French, do hereby absolve in full the balance of payments owed by the German republic to the French Empire under the Congress of Gothenburg, in the name of goodwill, kindness, and our common humanity.

WE take such action in recognition that the crimes of the former Hohenzollern regime are not the crimes of the German people, that revenge does not return that which has been lost forever, and that France is stronger and safer when her neighbors are prosperous and secure.

WE therefore call upon the Powers of Europe and the Nations of the World to cease their reckless aggressions and pointless provocations, to set aside those disputes which do not touch upon the questions of national survival or human welfare, and to join together in the spirit of amity and brotherhood in perpetuity.

WE resolve to devote Our efforts entirely to avoiding another ruinous general war, which slaughtered indiscriminately the workers, farmers, and laborers of the French and German nations to the ultimate benefit of none, and to promote diplomacy over strife.

WE ask that our German neighbors join Us in this most worthy cause and commit to a new era of prosperous cooperation and fruitful partnership, for the betterment of Our peoples and states.

Given in Our name in the Year of Our Lord Eighteen-hundred and seventy-nine,
In consultation with the Senate.
NAPOLEON
 
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