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Mahadaji Shinde (L) and Peshwa Madhav Rao II (R)
The Power and the Peshwa
The most powerful of these new princes of Maratha was Mahadaji Shinde, one of the greatest generals in the history of Maratha and therefore the world (in their opinion). Aged 59 in 1789, he had a long litany of crucial victories under his belt, being one of the main contributors to the Marathan Resurrection in the mid 1700s. Holding the respect of his allies and his enemies, Shinde was for all observers without the Empire the single most powerful individual and the one with perhaps the most important position. To which, motions were made within the Palace. Shinde, not wanting a weak or decadent Peshwa like those of the past and his childhood, began movements to become official regent over the fifteen year old Peshwa.
Regno di Sardegna
Re di Sardegna: Vittorio Amadeo
Re di Sardenga, Duca di Savoia,
Marchese di Saluzzo, Duca del Monferrato,
Principe di Piemonte, Conte d'Aosta, Conte di Nizza,
Conte della Moriana, Custode della Sacra Sindone
Re di Sardegna: Vittorio Amadeo
Re di Sardenga, Duca di Savoia,
Marchese di Saluzzo, Duca del Monferrato,
Principe di Piemonte, Conte d'Aosta, Conte di Nizza,
Conte della Moriana, Custode della Sacra Sindone
@etranger01
Letter from the Most Serene Prince Elector of Bavaria to His Majesty King George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland, Elector of Hanover
Letter from the Most Serene Prince Elector of Bavaria to His Majesty King George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland, Elector of Hanover
Your Majesty,
It is my dearest hope that this letter finds you in good health and cheerful spirit. I must admit my admiration in your strong moral constitution considering the often dreadful climate of your domains, which would naturally dampen the joyfulness of any lesser being.
However, as remarked the Baron of Montesquieu in his theory of climates, the inhabitants of colder climates are said to be more vigorous, because the heart’s action and fibres’ reaction are better, and the blood travels faster towards the heart, giving the body more strength. Of course, this physical superiority also means men are braver, have a sense of superiority, a smaller desire for revenge, and are more honest, cleverer and less suspicious towards others.
I believe this theory to be true, not only by your own example, but by the stoic nature of the population of your domain. This being said, the purpose of this letter is not only to extol the virtues of your subjects, but also to reaffirm the friendly dispositions in which we hold the Electorate of Hanover, and thus your Majesty.
With your Majesty’s permission, I would dare to ask of a small favor, one which is in the purview of Your Majesty’s and which shall bear no sufferance on your behalf. There is in your domains a most gifted composer, Mr. Samuel Wesley, whose proficiency with various instruments such as the organ, the violin and the harpsichord. It is my intent to invite Mr. Wesley to sojourn in Mannheim, allowing him to exhibit his great talent in the company of my personal orchestra, an event most likely to display the cultural splendor of your Kingdom and reaffirm the bond of friendship uniting our people.
Anxiously waiting for your answer, I shall remain your dutiful friend.
Karl Theodor
Elector of Bavaria
Elector of Bavaria
To Grand Duke Leopold, Ruler of Tuscany
Her Faithful Majesty, Queen Maria I has given this much thought but I am heartened to say that she approves of this and has given her decree to make it so. The aforementioned paintings are to be loaned to your well-known establishment for a period of 5 years. May our glory in the arts and culture illuminate those that lay eyes upon it. While Her Faithful Majesty will be unable to attend the grand unveiling I will attend in her stead. I trust these arrangements can be made and the accommodations not be a burden upon your realm.
~His Majesty, King Peter III Reino de Portugal e dos Algarves
The Imperial Academy of Arts and its Architect
The reign of Catherine the Great was one which was marked by a great interest and advance in the art and culture of Russia. From the great sculptures, paintings, the Hermitage and now the near completion of the Imperial Academy of Arts. The Academy was first formed and funded by Count Ivan Shuvalov in 1757, under the name of the Academy of the Three Noblest Arts. Shuvalov wished to promote art and help Russian artists improve their craft, work and recognition. The Count worked tirelessly on it and even gave the academy his own house in St. Petersburg for its use. It didn’t take long before he gained the attention of the Empress, and with that attention came imperial backing and funding.
Catherine immediately set about constructing a new grand building, a proper palace for the new academy to use, and at the same time renamed the Academy into the Imperial Academy of Arts. Catherine as in most other things wanted splendor, glory and magnificence and spared little expense in the new building project that was to house this Academy. Catherine for this task had only one man in mind, Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe.
Mothe was a Frenchman born in Angoulême in 1729. Mothe was the younger cousin and student of Jacques-François Blonde, the latter becoming the Professor of Architecture at the Académie Royale d'Architecture in 1762. Mothe himself was sent to Rome in 1750 to study at the French Academy in Rome, though not as a pensionnaire. It was not however until his return to France that he gained recognition, being one of the architects which presented the plans for the Place Louis XV. This project gained the young artist much renown and prestige, going as far as to personally receive an invitation from the Russian Ambassador in France to come tutor future Russian artists, which Mothe accepted.
Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe
Mothe was to spend the next five years of his life as a professor, tutoring men such as Yury Felten and Alexander Kokorinov before he was selected by the Empress for her great project. Mothe quickly set to work, designing a beautiful palace, with a great decorated façade out against the river. Though the building having become the Empress pet project, Mothe was not allowed complete freedom as Catherine herself insisted that a great courtyard matching the dimensions of the dome of St. Paul’s Cathedral in Rome be constructed in the center. Among the statues that appeared on the frontal façade also appeared a massive statue of the goddess Minerva sitting in the center on top of the dome.
Catherine was so impressed by the drawings of the young architect that she herself laid the first stone for the palace in 1765, the first among many over the next 24 years of construction that it would take. It was Mothe’s first large project in Russia, but not his last. The Empress being so impressed by him that she granted him many more commissions, such as the designs and construction of the Small Hermitage, the Arch of New Holland Island, the Catholic Church of St. Catherine. Together with these he also designed the Great Gostiny Dvor, one of the world first shopping arcades, totaling an area of 53,000m2.
The Great Gostiny Dvor
Mothe was to be one of the leading architects in Russia, defining style and taste while also putting a distinctive French touch on the Russian Neoclassical style. Despite the favour of the Empress and his various projects still underway, he decided to leave Russia in 1775, returning to France and his hometown of Angoulême. He would never himself see any of the great buildings he designed, but they all the same defined Russian taste, prestige and wonder.
"The world is turning upside down, with no hope for better during our reign,
Wicked fate has delivered the state into the hands of despicable men,
Our bureaucrats are villains who prowl through the streets of Istanbul,
We can do nothing but beg God for mercy."
Shortly before his death in 1774 Sultan Mustafa III composed this poem describing and lamenting the declining state of the Ottoman Empire. Indeed, he and his brother Abd-ül-Hamid I spared no effort to try and reform the empire. But it would be the destiny of Abd-ül-Hamid’s son, the energetic, pious and poetic Selim III to launch the strongest attempts of reform to prevent the spiraling process of decline. However, the so-called decline was rather relative. Culturally and economically the Empire was in no decay. In fact, many provinces were prospering like never before. Even the administration, robust and relatively provincial, was working, albeit the outlying provinces were becoming more and more self-reliant, decentralized and even independent. The underlying problem was the Ottoman failure to compete with the European powers, which were developing more rapidly. Instead of decay, stagnation might be a better word to describe the condition of the Ottoman Empire in the late 18th Century.Wicked fate has delivered the state into the hands of despicable men,
Our bureaucrats are villains who prowl through the streets of Istanbul,
We can do nothing but beg God for mercy."
_ _ _
Selim III
سليم ثالث
Caliph of Islam
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Selim III
سليم ثالث
Caliph of Islam
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Şehzade Selim was only thirteen when his father died, and thus according to Ottoman law of succession, Abd-ül-Hamid rose to the throne. Both his father and uncle had paid close attention to the education of Selim, and he became one of the most knowledgeable and finely cultured Ottoman princes to date. His mother, Mihr-ı-Şah Sultan, a Georgian, was likewise rather Western-minded and a strong proponent of reform. Selim III was also close with his sisters, especially Hatice Sultan, spouse to the Ottoman governor of Hotin. The princess was a known benefactor of arts and poor, and was in frequent contact with European painters and architects, and most importantly was a close confident to his brother. On the occasion of his ascent to the throne at the age of just twenty-seven, the Ottoman Empire was at war with both their archenemies, the Empire of Russia and the Austrian state. Interested in Western music and literature, Selim III was in frequent contact with the Louis XVI of France, whose realm had started to show serious signs of upheaval as the year 1789 lingered forth. Fond of calligraphy, poetry and literature, many works of the Sultan were placed to decorate shrines and mosques throughout the sprawling Ottoman state. Furthermore, Selim III was fluent in Persian and Arabic, and this fondness of common Islamic identity and culture was expected to increase his diplomatic overtures for the benefit of the whole faithful community. And above all, everything indicated that he would become a strong proponent of reform, influenced to this path by his father, his uncle, his mother, his sister and esteemed members of his Divan and Ulema. But first, peace had to reign again in the Empire.
I had received your letter, dated of the previous week, and have warmly accepted its contents within. The war against the Mohammedans continues at a tepid pace, further progress is to be greatly anticipated during the campaigns of this year. I shall submit, at a later date, an updated letter to the Empire about the progress against this, our most vile of foes.
As per your request to assist in any way our campaign against the Ottoman Turks, I thank you for your generosity. I will stop at nothing to ensure to you that the Electorate will have access to the imperial administration for the purposes of refugee resettlement. Kindly begin the processes to draft the needed arrangements, one in which I shall also undertake to stop the suffering of the poor Christian people that have so unjustly been turned to hardship by the enemy.
In Christ,
Joseph II
Holy Roman Emperor
Note: All stats are posted, and the map is up to date. If you notice any mistakes contact me via a PM or on IRC. You can also just include any additional notes in your first set of orders, as long as they are not crucial.
I have also posted an explanation of the stats. Hopefully it makes sense to everyone. If not, ask questions and I will try my best to provide adequate answers. I try to make the explanation transparent, but I understand that it may leave some people confused.
DEADLINE for any and all orders having to do with actual revolutions that may be taking place (looking at you @Shynka @DutchGuy ): WEDNESDAY the 28th.
DEADLINE for all other orders will be SUNDAY the 2nd.
Let's get this started, and remember to have fun!
I have also posted an explanation of the stats. Hopefully it makes sense to everyone. If not, ask questions and I will try my best to provide adequate answers. I try to make the explanation transparent, but I understand that it may leave some people confused.
DEADLINE for any and all orders having to do with actual revolutions that may be taking place (looking at you @Shynka @DutchGuy ): WEDNESDAY the 28th.
DEADLINE for all other orders will be SUNDAY the 2nd.
Let's get this started, and remember to have fun!
Portugal at a glance: 1640-1789 Part 1
Near the mid-17th century Portugal was already a realm in transition. It’s colonial ambitions were significantly reduced in India in particular due to the rise of the Dutch and British, shifting Lisbon’s schemes to its next crown jewel Brazil. Even so, by 1789 all is not entirely well across the Atlantic. At the time of the Iberian Union, Portugal was near its height in power and influence. The first two kings of the Philippine Dynasty, Philip I and his son Philip II gave excellent position to the Portuguese within both their respective royal courts. Even better, Portugal maintained its own independent law, currency and government. But this arrangement served as a double-edged sword, Spain’s enemies became Portugal’s ultimately leading to the loss of Portuguese Ceylon and the East Indies to the Dutch to name a few, not to mention for a time Brazil was under partially under occupation by both the French and the Dutch.
When Philip III began his reign, things got worse domestically. Taxes were raised largely affecting the merchant class while the nobility itself watched as its influence and prestige waned in the Spanish Cortes all while government posts bac in Portugal were occupied by Spaniards. It would lead to the Restoration War that ran from December 1640 to February 1668 leading to recognition the legitimacy of Portugal’s new ruling dynasty House Braganza.
Victorious, the Portuguese Royal House of Braganza began with John IV. The Dukes of the House of Braganza were a branch of the House of Aviz created by Afonso V for his half-uncle Afonso, Count of Barcelos and a basterd son of John I. Who was the first monarch of the House of Aviz. The Braganzas soon became one of the most powerful families of the kingdom, and for the next decades married many Portuguese royal family members.
John IV was a popular monarch becoming a patron of the arts and music, exhibiting writing skill on musical subjects and was a proficient composer. By 1706 John V succeeded his father, Peter II of Portugal, the first absolutist monarch of the kingdom. He maintained a lavish court paid for by the riches of Brazil while continuing absolutism, like his father. His long reign was characterized by a strengthening of the king's powers, made possible by the large wealth flowing to Portugal from Brazil. He also used the crown’s treasury to develop the country’s weakened economy by creating new manufacturing across the land, however, much of this investment was used to strengthen the arts, affording intellectuals a return to the prestige lost among their fellow European neighbors. His foreign policy was both simple and a stroke of genius. It contained two points: European neutrality and attempts to increase his personal prestige in Rome, culminating in the title of Most Faithful Majesty being bestowed upon him and his successors.
John IV, The Restoring King
When John V passed in 1750, he was succeeded by his son Prince Joseph Emmanuel, who reigned as Joseph I. His love for palatial life and the Catholic Church was so great, he delegated all his powers to Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo the future Count of Oeiras and Marquis of Pombal.
The Prime Minister of Portugal would seek to not only reinvigorate the Kingdom, but bring it through an enlightenment to banish the perception of a backwater realm. Melo sought to replace the stagnant absolutism and usher in enlightened despotism while overhauling all aspects of economic, social and colonial policy to make Portugal a polity that can punch well above its weight with the rest of the powers of Europe, securing its own power status as a result. Impressed by English economic success, witnessed while serving as ambassador in London, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. He was also responsible for the abolition of slavery in continental Portugal and in Portuguese India in 1769, the development of the port wine industry and the end of discrimination against non-Catholic Christians in Portugal. He also reorganized the army and navy.
Prime Minister Melo, Marquis of Pombal
While in England, he was exposed to the anti-Jesuit atmosphere of that country, eventually seeing them as a negative influence in Portugal given their grip on science and education. A dirty propaganda war followed with the rest of Europe, leading to their expulsion in the wake of the Távora affair, triggered by the attempted assassination of King Joseph I in 1758. Further reforms were carried out in education. He created the basis for secular public primary and secondary schools, introduced vocational training, created hundreds of new teaching posts, added departments of mathematics and natural sciences to the University of Coimbra, and introduced new taxes to pay for these reforms.
However, on the morning of November 1st, 1755 a tragic natural disaster would befall the Kingdom, one that would set it, coupled with the political upheaval of the Távora affair earning Melo the ire of the eventual Queen Marie I, on course into a state of decline. A massive earthquake followed by a tsunami and a fire struck Lisbon killing 90,000 people and destroying over three-fourths of the buildings. This cataclysmic event accentuated existing political tensions in the Kingdom and not only profoundly altered its 18th century colonial ambitions, but set the nation back in many respects. Fortunately, both the Royal Family and Prime Minister survived and within a year, Lisbon was cleared of all debris and on the road to reconstruction. As the winds of change reaped havoc, the stage was set for new players to square off against familiar faces.
The Swedish envoy had arrived earlier in the month, all parties eager for peace as Sweden faced unrest, the Danes had been pushed back and the Russians wanted to turn back full attention to their war with the Turks, rather than being stalled by what they considered a minor Swedish incursion. With all parties eager to find peace it didn’t take them long, and early in 1789 they came to an agreement.
Treaty of St. Petersburg (1789)
1§ The Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Sweden and the Kingdom of Denmark and Norway shall declare peace, friendship and happiness among one another, ending the current war between all three parties.2§ The borders between all realms will be restored to their position as of the 1 May 1788.
3§ The Kingdom of Sweden shall pay the Russian Empire six million (statmoney) in yearly payments over the coming six years.
[X] Count Ivan Andreyevich Osterman, Minister of Foreign Affairs on behalf of Her Imperial Majesty, Empress Catherine of Russia
[X] Count Karl Wilhelm von Düben, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Sweden, on behalf of His Majesty Gustav III, King of Sweden
[X] King Christian VII of Denmark
Last edited:
The Kingdom of Sweden
Konungariket Sverige
[X] - Count Karl Wilhelm von Düben, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Sweden, on behalf of His Majesty Gustav III, King of Sweden
France and the Low Countries under the Ancien Régime: 1789
The late Ancien Régime period in France and the Low Countries is marked by economic and financial instability and conflict between the Enlightenment and traditional ideas. A series of poor harvests, combined with inadequate infrastructure and exacerbated by incompetent government response, lead to the breakdown of the social order. While the upper class is insulated from the effects of the economic depression, the majority of the population experience hunger and many turn to theft and prostitution in order to stay alive. Pamphlets and other publications, especially in Paris, galvanize public opinion against the government and the monarchy, which are seen as at best indifferent, and at worst openly derisive towards the plight of the people.
The focus of the French government is on a financial crisis that stems from an inefficient tax system and expenditures on the Seven Years War and the American Revolutionary War. The former war is a disaster for France, while the latter may provide some consolation in the form of payback against the British, but little tangible gains. Jacques Necker, as Comptroller-General of Finance, argues that the government must raise more revenue by reducing tax exemptions for the nobility and clergy, but he drastically underestimates the government’s deficit and angers many powerful interests with his proposals. Indecisive and prone to back down when faced with strong opposition, King Louis XVI dismisses Necker at the advice of his ministers.
Nicker is replaced by Charles Alexander de Calonne who quickly realizes how critical the financial situation has become. He crafts a new tax code that includes a land tax to be levied on all landowners, including the nobility and clergy. Faced with the same opposition as Necker, Calonne organizes a meeting of the Assembly of Notables, but the Assembly fails to endorse his proposal, and instead endorses a plan that would likely lead to less revenue for the government. Faced with a growing financial crisis and in dire need of an endorsement for some sort of new taxes King Louis XVI calls a meeting of the Estates-General for the first time since 1614 and recalls Necker to the position of Chief Minister.
The French Estates-General are organized into three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. Elections for the estates are held in the Spring, producing 1,201 delegates, including 303 clergy, 291 nobles, and 610 members of the Third Estate. As the elected members begin to arrive in Paris pamphlets by liberal nobles and clergy become more widespread in the city. Abbé Sieyès publishes a particularly influential pamphlet “Qu'est-ce que le tiers état?” that shifts the mood ahead of the first meeting of the estates on 5 May 1789. By the time Chief Minister Necker addresses the members of the estates at the opening meeting, ideas that would have been considered radical a few months ago are circulating openly.
The King and his supporters lose control of the proceedings before they even begin. There is disagreement over whether each estate should verify the credentials of its own members, or whether the verification should be done jointly by all three estates. Frustrated by the delay, Abbé Sieyès proposes that the Third Estate move ahead without the other two estates, and on 17 June the members of the Third Estate declare themselves to be the National Assembly of France. The Assembly invites members of the other two estates to join its proceedings, but it is clear that the Assembly will proceed regardless of their participation.
In an attempt to regain some control over the proceedings King Louis XVI orders the Assembly locked out of the Salle des États where it is meeting. In defiance of the King, members of the Assembly meet in a tennis court just outside Versailles and announce that they are drafting a constitution for the country. A majority of the clergy join the Assembly soon thereafter as do 47 members of the nobility. The Assembly is incredibly popular in Paris where the announcement of its formation and the drafting of the constitution are met with wild celebrations that shut down most of the city. After a week-long standoff the King agrees to cooperate with the National Assembly, but by the end of June large numbers of military units begin to arrive around Paris and Versailles.
Outside of France the economic situation is equally dire. The same series of poor harvests that has affected France also affects the Austrian Netherlands and Liege. In Liege in particular unemployment is high and popular discontent is directed at the church and the Prince-Bishop César-Constantin-François de Hoensbroeck. The repressive rule of de Hoensbroeck has created demand for liberal reforms among the middle class while the deteriorating economic conditions have turned the poor against the Prince-Bishop.
Across the border in the Austrian Netherlands the situation is reversed. Here, Emperor Joseph II has promulgated a series of liberal reforms, much to the locals’ discontent. The reforms aimed at allowing Protestants and Jews to worship openly are seen as undermining the Catholic Church, and administrative reforms are seen as going against local traditions. The Emperor’s economic reforms, which remove guilt privileges and lift restrictions on trade, are seen as contributing to the shortage of food and the rising unemployment in urban centers. Although minor unrest in 1787 has been resolved by use of force, the leader of the opposition, a lawyer named Hendrik Van der Noot, has fled to the Dutch Netherlands and has begun to organize an army in Breda. Popular militias, styling themselves “the Patriots” are ostensibly loyal to the local councils, and the councils are ostensibly loyal to the Minister-Plenipotentiary who oversees the Austrian Netherlands on behalf of the Emperor, but everyone realizes the current situation cannot continue for long.
REMINDER: orders are due by the end of the weekend (July 2nd).
The late Ancien Régime period in France and the Low Countries is marked by economic and financial instability and conflict between the Enlightenment and traditional ideas. A series of poor harvests, combined with inadequate infrastructure and exacerbated by incompetent government response, lead to the breakdown of the social order. While the upper class is insulated from the effects of the economic depression, the majority of the population experience hunger and many turn to theft and prostitution in order to stay alive. Pamphlets and other publications, especially in Paris, galvanize public opinion against the government and the monarchy, which are seen as at best indifferent, and at worst openly derisive towards the plight of the people.
The focus of the French government is on a financial crisis that stems from an inefficient tax system and expenditures on the Seven Years War and the American Revolutionary War. The former war is a disaster for France, while the latter may provide some consolation in the form of payback against the British, but little tangible gains. Jacques Necker, as Comptroller-General of Finance, argues that the government must raise more revenue by reducing tax exemptions for the nobility and clergy, but he drastically underestimates the government’s deficit and angers many powerful interests with his proposals. Indecisive and prone to back down when faced with strong opposition, King Louis XVI dismisses Necker at the advice of his ministers.
Nicker is replaced by Charles Alexander de Calonne who quickly realizes how critical the financial situation has become. He crafts a new tax code that includes a land tax to be levied on all landowners, including the nobility and clergy. Faced with the same opposition as Necker, Calonne organizes a meeting of the Assembly of Notables, but the Assembly fails to endorse his proposal, and instead endorses a plan that would likely lead to less revenue for the government. Faced with a growing financial crisis and in dire need of an endorsement for some sort of new taxes King Louis XVI calls a meeting of the Estates-General for the first time since 1614 and recalls Necker to the position of Chief Minister.
The French Estates-General are organized into three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. Elections for the estates are held in the Spring, producing 1,201 delegates, including 303 clergy, 291 nobles, and 610 members of the Third Estate. As the elected members begin to arrive in Paris pamphlets by liberal nobles and clergy become more widespread in the city. Abbé Sieyès publishes a particularly influential pamphlet “Qu'est-ce que le tiers état?” that shifts the mood ahead of the first meeting of the estates on 5 May 1789. By the time Chief Minister Necker addresses the members of the estates at the opening meeting, ideas that would have been considered radical a few months ago are circulating openly.
The King and his supporters lose control of the proceedings before they even begin. There is disagreement over whether each estate should verify the credentials of its own members, or whether the verification should be done jointly by all three estates. Frustrated by the delay, Abbé Sieyès proposes that the Third Estate move ahead without the other two estates, and on 17 June the members of the Third Estate declare themselves to be the National Assembly of France. The Assembly invites members of the other two estates to join its proceedings, but it is clear that the Assembly will proceed regardless of their participation.
In an attempt to regain some control over the proceedings King Louis XVI orders the Assembly locked out of the Salle des États where it is meeting. In defiance of the King, members of the Assembly meet in a tennis court just outside Versailles and announce that they are drafting a constitution for the country. A majority of the clergy join the Assembly soon thereafter as do 47 members of the nobility. The Assembly is incredibly popular in Paris where the announcement of its formation and the drafting of the constitution are met with wild celebrations that shut down most of the city. After a week-long standoff the King agrees to cooperate with the National Assembly, but by the end of June large numbers of military units begin to arrive around Paris and Versailles.
Outside of France the economic situation is equally dire. The same series of poor harvests that has affected France also affects the Austrian Netherlands and Liege. In Liege in particular unemployment is high and popular discontent is directed at the church and the Prince-Bishop César-Constantin-François de Hoensbroeck. The repressive rule of de Hoensbroeck has created demand for liberal reforms among the middle class while the deteriorating economic conditions have turned the poor against the Prince-Bishop.
Across the border in the Austrian Netherlands the situation is reversed. Here, Emperor Joseph II has promulgated a series of liberal reforms, much to the locals’ discontent. The reforms aimed at allowing Protestants and Jews to worship openly are seen as undermining the Catholic Church, and administrative reforms are seen as going against local traditions. The Emperor’s economic reforms, which remove guilt privileges and lift restrictions on trade, are seen as contributing to the shortage of food and the rising unemployment in urban centers. Although minor unrest in 1787 has been resolved by use of force, the leader of the opposition, a lawyer named Hendrik Van der Noot, has fled to the Dutch Netherlands and has begun to organize an army in Breda. Popular militias, styling themselves “the Patriots” are ostensibly loyal to the local councils, and the councils are ostensibly loyal to the Minister-Plenipotentiary who oversees the Austrian Netherlands on behalf of the Emperor, but everyone realizes the current situation cannot continue for long.
REMINDER: orders are due by the end of the weekend (July 2nd).
The corruption extends from St Marks across to Terra Ferma. The glory of wearing a fashionable coat is preferred to that of enhancing the state. Men murmur at every sacrifice to the general good, yet lavish rewards on anyone who could invent a new want, a new pleasure, or revive the excitability excessive enjoyment has blunted and exhausted. Perfumed tables, gilded cartridges, splendid equipages, music, dancing, gardens, gambling, theatres, and debauchery, are the only object which excite any interest, and these excite it to furore.
Thus it was that Rome, during her decline, degenerate Rome, forgetting her ancient virtue, frequented the circus to see combats of wild beasts, and, the remembrance of all that is great and generous being obscured, the principles of her national independence passed away; those of good morals and the national manors fell into total dissolution.
It is time that this government, and this republic, learn the arduous art of supporting or of acquiring greatness once again. The era of excess, indulgence and greed is over. Let the era of revitalization of our most serene Republic begin.
-Statement released by select members of the aristocracy
Major Events of 1789
Europe
In Great Britain, Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger re-introduces a Reform Bill to Parliament. The previous version of the bill was defeated in 1785, but Pitt has since then solidified his control over the Pittite and independent members of Parliament. The new bill makes some concessions to the more conservative and moderate members, but in practice it implements most of the reforms that were outlined in the 1785 version. Thirty six rotten boroughs are stripped of representation, and the electoral franchise is expanded to those who hold long-term leases of property in addition to property owners.
William Pitt the Younger accepts the recommendation of the Admiralty to expand the Royal Navy over the course of the next two years. The navy is already the single largest expanse of the British government, but the growing British involvement in Asia and the perceived need to maintain naval superiority to other European powers trump financial concerns, at least for the moment. It will take up to two years for some of the ships to enter service.
Across the channel in France the situation quickly deteriorates in the second half of the year. It becomes clear by July that the King intends to ignore the National Assembly even as soldiers and mercenaries converge on Paris at the King’s orders. Unable to come to an understanding with the King, Chief Minister Jacques Necker resigns, prompting angry riots in Paris against the King. As the riots continue for multiple days, Parisians begin to arm themselves in anticipation of the King’s soldiers arriving to restore order to the city. On the night of July 13th the French Guard join the Parisian mobs, and the following day the insurgents decide to seize the weapons and ammunition stored in the Bastille fortress. Governor Marquis Bernard-René de Launay and his garrison defend the Bastille and the fighting leaves over one hundred dead, but the Parisians are triumphant in the end. Following the capture of the Bastille, the angry mob ransacks Hôtel de Ville and murders mayor Jacques de Flesselles, removing essentially all royal authority from the city.
In the two weeks that follow the storming of the Bastille the National Assembly attempts to assert its power. Necker is recalled by the Assembly to serve as Chief Minister, the Marquis de Lafayette takes up command of the National Guard, and Jean-Sylvain Bailly becomes the new mayor of Paris. In early August the National Assembly abolishes noble and church privileges and the remnants of feudalism, and by the end of the month adopts the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, outlining a set of principles for a new French constitution they intend to write.
As civil authority deteriorates outside of Paris, random acts of violence and theft become more common. Quite a large number of the nobility, fearing for their safety, flee the country. In rural areas, commoners arm themselves and attack nobles’ estates as part of a general insurrection against the feudal system. The tense situation in Paris and Versailles contributes to the general breakdown of law and order outside of the capital.
By the middle of autumn nearly a quarter of Paris’s people are out of work. A shortage of bread causes prices to rise precipitously and popular anger turns against Necker, who is forced to resign. The King sees an opportunity to restore some order to the city and orders his troops to prepare for an attack. News of the King’s intentions quickly reaches Paris, and while the National Assembly debates what to do, an angry crowd, made up primarily of women, gathers at the Hôtel de Ville. Frustrated by the delay of the National Assembly, the crowd marches to Versaille, bringing with them cannons and a variety of other weapons. The National Guard under the command of Lafayette try to mediate between the mob and the King’s guards, but in the end order breaks down and the women storm the palace, killing at least a dozen guards. The King is taken prisoner and is marched to Paris under the “protection” of the National Guard to the delight and jeers of the mob. With the King under arrest, the National Assembly and the National Guard effectively rule the country, although their authority does not extend much beyond Paris.
Inspired by the events in France, Jean-Nicolas Bassenge and other liberals gather at the Hôtel de Ville in Liege to demand the dismissal of the mayor and the appointment of the popular Jacques-Joseph Fabry and Jean-Remy de Chestret. The gathering turns into an insurrection and the fortress of Sainte-Walburge is taken by the mob. Prince-Bishop de Hoensbroeck is arrested and taken from his summer palace to Liege in order to give his approval to a National Assembly that is to write a new constitution. A week later Hoensbroeck escapes from Liege to Germany and requests the aid of Joseph II in crushing the uprising. In response, the Liege National Assembly votes to disband the Prince-Bishopric and proclaims a Republic in its place.
For his part, Joseph II may not be in a position to help Hoensbroeck as an émigré patriot army under Van der Mersch crosses the border from the Dutch Netherlands into the Austrian Netherlands in October. Two weeks later the patriot army is victorious in a battle against the somewhat disorganized Austrian army near Turnhout, leading to the desertion of many Austrian soldiers to the patriot side. As the remaining Austrian forces retreat to the fortified city of Luxemburg to await reinforcements, the patriot army enters the city of Ghent and issues a Manifesto of the People of Brabant, declaring Joseph’s rule of the Netherlands to be illegitimate.
In the Netherlands the Stadholder, William V, introduces a reform meant to replace the coins and notes issued by the various states of the Netherlands with a single, uniform guilder. Despite worries over the possible return of civil unrest prompted by the events in France, the meeting of the Estates General goes well, and the centralized monetary reform is adopted. Some grumble over the fact that the reform is likely the brainchild of Wilhelmina and her Prussian supporters, but it proves to be largely popular with the mercantile classes in the Netherlands. Not only does the reform benefit domestic commerce, but it also makes international and colonial trade easier, significantly benefiting the Dutch East India Company in the process.
Frederick Wilhelm of Prussia is keen to be seen as a military reformer, and so he delegates army affairs to the Duke of Brunswick. The Duke, influenced by his observations of Russian horse-drawn artillery, moves to expand the contingent of such troops in the Prussian army, while reducing the total number of artillery pieces, and especially the number of the heavier guns. The move is welcomed by Chief Minister Friedrich Anton von Heinitz, who is keen to reduce the expenses associated with the Prussian army.
Due to the bungled opening moves in the war with Ottoman Turkey Austria faces the issue of nearly fifty thousand Serbian refugees that have fled the Banat region. Some of these have formed the Serbian Free Corps, now fighting with the Austrian army, but the majority has been displaced into Hungary. The Bavarian government, seeking to attract additional people to the sparsely populated area of the country, spends considerable funds accommodating the refugees who do make it all the way into Germany. The return on the investment is questionable, but the Austrians are likely to be appreciative of the Bavarian efforts to ease the logistical problems caused by the refugees.
Another questionable use of money on the part of the Bavarians is to have the army scout Bavarian territory and study potential new sites for defensive positions. The exercise seems excessive, considering the fact that the small Bavarian army is typically rarely seen outside of the major cities of the country. The marching soldiers cause a stir in a few towns they pass through, but there are no serious incidents. Whatever expertise is gained is certainly not detrimental, but it is unlikely to be of any particular use in the case of an actual conflict.
Emperor Joseph II, preoccupied with the ongoing war against the Ottomans, seeks to raise additional revenues for his government. Immediately, this means slightly higher duties, fees, and fines to be paid by the Emperor’s subjects in the myriad ways that the Austrian government taxes its people. The amount of extra revenues is moderately disappointing, but given the delicate state of social affairs in the Austrian Netherlands and the complexity of the existing tax code the government settles for minor changes for now.
Going forward, Joseph II would like to see an overhaul of the tax system, to be based on the value of land holdings by individuals. This would be a major shift away from taxing the relatively poor who work the land, and focusing instead on the relatively wealthy who own it. Given the Enlightenment bent of Joseph and his government the idea has a lot of traction and support, although it is unpopular in the more conservative circles, especially so among Hungarian landowners. As a first step towards the implementation of the new system the Austrian government undertakes a survey of all of the major landholdings across the Empire, with an eye towards assessing the new taxes in the coming years.
Emboldened by the events in France and elsewhere, a faction of liberal aristocrats in Venice moves to bring Enlightenment ideas to Venice. They use pamphlets and other print materials to target the excesses of the ruling class and the inefficiency of the government. The message resonates decisively with the Venetian middle class, who have been locked out of the wealth created by commerce that flows through the city and have grown frustrated with the decadence and corruption of the upper class. With this support of the middle class, the reformist faction takes over the Senate and begins drafting proposals to reform the government and lay out a course ahead, but some of the leaders of the middle and lower classes are continuing to agitate for more immediate and more radical change.
Forty years after the last census of the country the Spanish government organizes another one. The goal is to survey the country’s population, lands, working animals, and commerce. Eventually the survey will be used by a dedicated commission to recommend the modernization of taxation and economic regulation. There are concerns over whether the government can handle a survey of this scale, but as the year progresses the census is conducted efficiently and there is every reason to believe that it is largely comprehensive.
One reform that does not wait for the results of the census is the closure of the Casa de Contratación. Although it is believed to be largely redundant, the office still handles a significant number of financial matters concerning trade and legal disputes that arise from it. The abrupt closure of the office results in some disarray, which contributes to a substantial drop in both international and colonial trade at a time when the Spanish government cannot really afford many financial missteps.
The Theater War ends with a peace treaty between Sweden, Denmark, and Russia. Despite the peace, the Danes are worried about the strength of the Swedish navy. As a result, the government makes a series of investments in improving Denmark’s harbors and their fortifications, as well as ordering a number of new ships for the navy. An issue that quickly becomes important for Denmark is the need to recruit more skilled sailors, requiring either higher payments or better training to accommodate the larger fleet.
As part of the peace treaty that ends the Theater War Sweden pays minor reparations to Russia while its troops withdraw to their permanent quarters. Although technically defeated, Sweden sees the largest gain in of the participants in terms of the uptick in economic and commercial activity after the signing of the peace, as Danish and Russian governments no longer interfere with Swedish trade and commerce.
Although there is no civil insurrection in Poland as in France, the Great Sejm implements reforms that could be considered radical for the present time. Almost all elements of feudalism are abolished throughout Poland, with the nobility becoming answerable to the state. Even more radically, the clergy and their finances are to be under government supervision from now on. Although the goals of the reforms are certainly admirable from the liberal points of view, many in the Polish nobility and clergy resist the new changes. A group of Polish nobles, having travelled to St. Petersburg, urge Catherine to intervene immediately, before the situation in Poland gets out of hand and possibly spills over into Russia.
It has taken 25 years, but the Russian Imperial Academy of Art finally has a new building. Commissioned initially by Catherine the Great in 1764, the new building, built in the neoclassical style, opens in St. Petersburg. Catherine and her grandson Alexander attend the opening. With the expanded location, faculty, and prominence the Academy should be able to continue training the best artists in Russia and forge ties with arts institutions in the rest of Europe.
With the war against the Ottomans taking place beyond Novorossiya Grigory Potemkin faces a challenge of logistics. He has previously overseen the building of Kherson on the Black Sea to assert Russian power, but the army fighting the Turks requires a constant flow of supplies, and so he oversees a plan to establish better roads between the Dnieper valley and Russia. Much of the building is carried out by the Russian soldiers, so the quality of the work is questionable, but at the very least it is completed quickly and cheaply.
Facing the prospect of defeat at the hands of the Russians and Austrians the Sublime Porte looks to bolster the size of its standing military. Soldiers are recruited from Anatolia, particularly areas where farming has recently been on the decline, resulting in high unemployment. More importantly, the Sultan stands up a number of sekban units in Bosnia and Yedisan which can reinforce the regular forces there. Organized based on local affiliations, these units are loyal to the Sultan and can be deployed in a flexible manner. The sudden appearance of these irregular units surprises the Austrians, and their surprisingly competent performance in harassing and delaying the Austrian forces plays a key role in the failure of the Austrian campaign in the western Balkans.
Russo-Turkish War
The Ottoman Empire faces a precarious situation, having suffered a number of defeats in the previous year. Fortunately for the Sultan, the Austrians and Russians appear to reconsider their successful strategy that aimed to defeat the Ottoman armies, and chose to instead focus on a number of specific geographic objectives. To this end the Austrian army withdraws from its campaign in Moldavia in favor of action in Serbia, and the Russian army focuses on the fortress of Ismail, ceding the strategic initiative to the Ottomans.
In Serbia the Austrian campaign is an unmitigated disaster. The logistical and humanitarian situation in Banat is a nightmare that has resulted in thousands of refugees even before the arrival of the main Austrian army. Disease and a drastic shortage of supplies plague the Austrians as they attempt a push southwest, through the Serbian hills. The Ottomans under Grand Vizier Cenaze Hasan Pasha at no point give the Austrians a decisive battle, but local sekban units harass the Austrians throughout, contributing to the misery. When it becomes clear that the march through the Dinarides is folly the Austrians turn east towards Pristina, but fail to reach it as well. Eventually the army returns to Krusevac on the Danube, having lost a third of its men and more than half of its horses and artillery and captured not one important Ottoman outpost. If not for the Serbian Free Corps in Banat the door would be open for the Ottomans to retake their lost Serbian lands.
The Russians perform better than their Austrian allies, although that is not a high bar. The one major victory for the year comes at Iassy, where Russian troops under Petr Rumyantsev defeat Koca Yusuf Pasha. The Pasha prefers to save most of his army, withdrawing from the engagement when it is clear that he is unlikely to prevail. The Ottoman army sets up camp on the Siret from where they can keep an eye on the Russian armies in Moldavia and at the mouth of the Danube.
Having won a victory at Ochakov the previous year the second Russian army, under Suvorov and Potemkin, moves to besiege the formidable Ottoman fortress of Ismail. Although the Russian artillery does what it can, the siege turns into an impasse. Suvorov advises to maintain the siege, relying on the squadron under de Ribas to keep the fortress under blockade and to focus on the Ottoman army upriver, but Potemkin is eager for an “even greater victory” than Ochakov, and orders the Russian army into an assault. The Russians face a barrage in their approach to the fortress and then fight hand-to-hand on the ramparts, the walls, and then for each house and each room. The assaults are renewed every day for three days, but in the end the Turks throw back the Russians time and time again. Suvorov praises his men for the discipline and spirit they showed in the attack, but that is small consolation to the exhausted and depleted Russian army that ends the year still outside Ismail.
At sea, the Russian fleet commanded by Ushakov maintains its presence in the Black Sea, but the Ottomans appear to have little desire for confrontation unless the Russians threaten the Turkish straits. Further east, in the Caucasus, both sides dig in, with Pernin and his forces staying north of the Kuban while the Ottomans fortify the fortress at Anapa for a possible attack.
Americas
George Washington is unanimously elected the first President of the United States by the United States Electoral College. The 1st United States Congress meets and declares the new United States Constitution to be in effect. The bicameral United States Congress replaces the unicameral Congress of the Confederation as the legislature of the federal government of the United States.
In Brazil, far away from the social unrest of Europe, a group of conspirators act on their desire for an independent country. The spark for the insurrection is the imposition by Portugal of a tax on gold that is mined in Minas Gerais, although the roots of the rebellion can be traced to the ideas of the Enlightenment and the inspiration of the American example. Military officers, local priests, writers, and others from the middle class arrest the governor of the province and take over the city hall in São João del Rei where they proclaim a manifesto that includes the promotion of cotton production, the exploitation of iron and saltpeter reserves, a proposal to give incentives to mothers to have many children, and the creation of a citizens' militia.
Middle East and Africa
A moderate Danish squadron is dispatched to the Mediterranean to protect shipping against Muslim piracy. Although they are welcomed with hospitality by the Knights of Malta, the Danes find themselves fighting a surprisingly well-supplied and trained foe. Frustrated by defeats in two minor engagements, the Danes move to blockade the port of Tripoli, which prompts Ali I Pasha to petition his Ottoman overlords for aid against the Europeans.
Mohammad Khan Qajar is eager to assert his control over all of Persia. To this end he attempts to expand his military, although the results are mixed. Most of his regular troops are made up of Turkomans and Georgian slaves, and when he attempts to integrate Persian tribal units into the regular army he earns the resentment of the Persians. The recruitment of Azeri tribesmen to serve as cavalrymen goes better, but foreigners seem either uneasy or perhaps simply too busy to supply the Qajar army with artillery.
To demonstrate his power Mohammad Khan Qajar moves against the city of Kerman. The governor there has refused to acknowledge the Zand Shah Lotf Ali Khan, but he has also kept his distance from the Qajars. The harsh conditions and an early winter make the expedition challenging, and the Qajar army loses many men in reaching Kerman. Without artillery to break the gates of the city Mohammad Khan Qajar grows frustrated, but he is aware of the need to maintain his army, and so eventually orders a retreat back towards western Persia where his base is.
Asia and Oceania
The Durrani, worried about potential conflict with the Sikhs and the Maratha, focus on a series of army drills and reforms. A small group of soldiers are picked out to serve as an elite guards force, and these drill with bows, swords, and guns in order to provide an extra punch in combat when it is needed. In the other parts of the military there are changes meant to integrate soldiers who fight on horseback with those who fight on foot and make it possible to keep more control over what goes on on the battlefield. Whether these changes actually help the Durrani army, which is already one of the best in the area, remains to be seen.
A political struggle inside the Maratha government results in the ouster of Nana Fadnavis as regent and his replacement with the venerable Mahadaji Shinde. The move is likely to be beneficial to the young Madhavrao II, as Mahadaji appears to genuinely care for the Peshwa much more so than Nana, but the ousted minister is unlikely to quietly disappear given how powerful he is politically. For the moment, it appears that the power of the Peshwa is solid, but given his youth many of the Maratha vassals have worked for years with Nana rather than Madhavrao, and it is not certain whose side they would chose if they were forced to make a choise.
Other Events
William Herschel discovers Enceladus, one of Saturn's moons.
Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise of Chemistry), an influential chemistry textbook by Antoine Lavoisier, is published; translated into English in 1790, it comes to be considered the first modern chemical textbook.
Former slave Olaudah Equiano's autobiography The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, one of the earliest published works by a black writer, is published in London.
Europe
In Great Britain, Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger re-introduces a Reform Bill to Parliament. The previous version of the bill was defeated in 1785, but Pitt has since then solidified his control over the Pittite and independent members of Parliament. The new bill makes some concessions to the more conservative and moderate members, but in practice it implements most of the reforms that were outlined in the 1785 version. Thirty six rotten boroughs are stripped of representation, and the electoral franchise is expanded to those who hold long-term leases of property in addition to property owners.
William Pitt the Younger accepts the recommendation of the Admiralty to expand the Royal Navy over the course of the next two years. The navy is already the single largest expanse of the British government, but the growing British involvement in Asia and the perceived need to maintain naval superiority to other European powers trump financial concerns, at least for the moment. It will take up to two years for some of the ships to enter service.
Across the channel in France the situation quickly deteriorates in the second half of the year. It becomes clear by July that the King intends to ignore the National Assembly even as soldiers and mercenaries converge on Paris at the King’s orders. Unable to come to an understanding with the King, Chief Minister Jacques Necker resigns, prompting angry riots in Paris against the King. As the riots continue for multiple days, Parisians begin to arm themselves in anticipation of the King’s soldiers arriving to restore order to the city. On the night of July 13th the French Guard join the Parisian mobs, and the following day the insurgents decide to seize the weapons and ammunition stored in the Bastille fortress. Governor Marquis Bernard-René de Launay and his garrison defend the Bastille and the fighting leaves over one hundred dead, but the Parisians are triumphant in the end. Following the capture of the Bastille, the angry mob ransacks Hôtel de Ville and murders mayor Jacques de Flesselles, removing essentially all royal authority from the city.
In the two weeks that follow the storming of the Bastille the National Assembly attempts to assert its power. Necker is recalled by the Assembly to serve as Chief Minister, the Marquis de Lafayette takes up command of the National Guard, and Jean-Sylvain Bailly becomes the new mayor of Paris. In early August the National Assembly abolishes noble and church privileges and the remnants of feudalism, and by the end of the month adopts the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, outlining a set of principles for a new French constitution they intend to write.
As civil authority deteriorates outside of Paris, random acts of violence and theft become more common. Quite a large number of the nobility, fearing for their safety, flee the country. In rural areas, commoners arm themselves and attack nobles’ estates as part of a general insurrection against the feudal system. The tense situation in Paris and Versailles contributes to the general breakdown of law and order outside of the capital.
By the middle of autumn nearly a quarter of Paris’s people are out of work. A shortage of bread causes prices to rise precipitously and popular anger turns against Necker, who is forced to resign. The King sees an opportunity to restore some order to the city and orders his troops to prepare for an attack. News of the King’s intentions quickly reaches Paris, and while the National Assembly debates what to do, an angry crowd, made up primarily of women, gathers at the Hôtel de Ville. Frustrated by the delay of the National Assembly, the crowd marches to Versaille, bringing with them cannons and a variety of other weapons. The National Guard under the command of Lafayette try to mediate between the mob and the King’s guards, but in the end order breaks down and the women storm the palace, killing at least a dozen guards. The King is taken prisoner and is marched to Paris under the “protection” of the National Guard to the delight and jeers of the mob. With the King under arrest, the National Assembly and the National Guard effectively rule the country, although their authority does not extend much beyond Paris.
Inspired by the events in France, Jean-Nicolas Bassenge and other liberals gather at the Hôtel de Ville in Liege to demand the dismissal of the mayor and the appointment of the popular Jacques-Joseph Fabry and Jean-Remy de Chestret. The gathering turns into an insurrection and the fortress of Sainte-Walburge is taken by the mob. Prince-Bishop de Hoensbroeck is arrested and taken from his summer palace to Liege in order to give his approval to a National Assembly that is to write a new constitution. A week later Hoensbroeck escapes from Liege to Germany and requests the aid of Joseph II in crushing the uprising. In response, the Liege National Assembly votes to disband the Prince-Bishopric and proclaims a Republic in its place.
For his part, Joseph II may not be in a position to help Hoensbroeck as an émigré patriot army under Van der Mersch crosses the border from the Dutch Netherlands into the Austrian Netherlands in October. Two weeks later the patriot army is victorious in a battle against the somewhat disorganized Austrian army near Turnhout, leading to the desertion of many Austrian soldiers to the patriot side. As the remaining Austrian forces retreat to the fortified city of Luxemburg to await reinforcements, the patriot army enters the city of Ghent and issues a Manifesto of the People of Brabant, declaring Joseph’s rule of the Netherlands to be illegitimate.
In the Netherlands the Stadholder, William V, introduces a reform meant to replace the coins and notes issued by the various states of the Netherlands with a single, uniform guilder. Despite worries over the possible return of civil unrest prompted by the events in France, the meeting of the Estates General goes well, and the centralized monetary reform is adopted. Some grumble over the fact that the reform is likely the brainchild of Wilhelmina and her Prussian supporters, but it proves to be largely popular with the mercantile classes in the Netherlands. Not only does the reform benefit domestic commerce, but it also makes international and colonial trade easier, significantly benefiting the Dutch East India Company in the process.
Frederick Wilhelm of Prussia is keen to be seen as a military reformer, and so he delegates army affairs to the Duke of Brunswick. The Duke, influenced by his observations of Russian horse-drawn artillery, moves to expand the contingent of such troops in the Prussian army, while reducing the total number of artillery pieces, and especially the number of the heavier guns. The move is welcomed by Chief Minister Friedrich Anton von Heinitz, who is keen to reduce the expenses associated with the Prussian army.
Due to the bungled opening moves in the war with Ottoman Turkey Austria faces the issue of nearly fifty thousand Serbian refugees that have fled the Banat region. Some of these have formed the Serbian Free Corps, now fighting with the Austrian army, but the majority has been displaced into Hungary. The Bavarian government, seeking to attract additional people to the sparsely populated area of the country, spends considerable funds accommodating the refugees who do make it all the way into Germany. The return on the investment is questionable, but the Austrians are likely to be appreciative of the Bavarian efforts to ease the logistical problems caused by the refugees.
Another questionable use of money on the part of the Bavarians is to have the army scout Bavarian territory and study potential new sites for defensive positions. The exercise seems excessive, considering the fact that the small Bavarian army is typically rarely seen outside of the major cities of the country. The marching soldiers cause a stir in a few towns they pass through, but there are no serious incidents. Whatever expertise is gained is certainly not detrimental, but it is unlikely to be of any particular use in the case of an actual conflict.
Emperor Joseph II, preoccupied with the ongoing war against the Ottomans, seeks to raise additional revenues for his government. Immediately, this means slightly higher duties, fees, and fines to be paid by the Emperor’s subjects in the myriad ways that the Austrian government taxes its people. The amount of extra revenues is moderately disappointing, but given the delicate state of social affairs in the Austrian Netherlands and the complexity of the existing tax code the government settles for minor changes for now.
Going forward, Joseph II would like to see an overhaul of the tax system, to be based on the value of land holdings by individuals. This would be a major shift away from taxing the relatively poor who work the land, and focusing instead on the relatively wealthy who own it. Given the Enlightenment bent of Joseph and his government the idea has a lot of traction and support, although it is unpopular in the more conservative circles, especially so among Hungarian landowners. As a first step towards the implementation of the new system the Austrian government undertakes a survey of all of the major landholdings across the Empire, with an eye towards assessing the new taxes in the coming years.
Emboldened by the events in France and elsewhere, a faction of liberal aristocrats in Venice moves to bring Enlightenment ideas to Venice. They use pamphlets and other print materials to target the excesses of the ruling class and the inefficiency of the government. The message resonates decisively with the Venetian middle class, who have been locked out of the wealth created by commerce that flows through the city and have grown frustrated with the decadence and corruption of the upper class. With this support of the middle class, the reformist faction takes over the Senate and begins drafting proposals to reform the government and lay out a course ahead, but some of the leaders of the middle and lower classes are continuing to agitate for more immediate and more radical change.
Forty years after the last census of the country the Spanish government organizes another one. The goal is to survey the country’s population, lands, working animals, and commerce. Eventually the survey will be used by a dedicated commission to recommend the modernization of taxation and economic regulation. There are concerns over whether the government can handle a survey of this scale, but as the year progresses the census is conducted efficiently and there is every reason to believe that it is largely comprehensive.
One reform that does not wait for the results of the census is the closure of the Casa de Contratación. Although it is believed to be largely redundant, the office still handles a significant number of financial matters concerning trade and legal disputes that arise from it. The abrupt closure of the office results in some disarray, which contributes to a substantial drop in both international and colonial trade at a time when the Spanish government cannot really afford many financial missteps.
The Theater War ends with a peace treaty between Sweden, Denmark, and Russia. Despite the peace, the Danes are worried about the strength of the Swedish navy. As a result, the government makes a series of investments in improving Denmark’s harbors and their fortifications, as well as ordering a number of new ships for the navy. An issue that quickly becomes important for Denmark is the need to recruit more skilled sailors, requiring either higher payments or better training to accommodate the larger fleet.
As part of the peace treaty that ends the Theater War Sweden pays minor reparations to Russia while its troops withdraw to their permanent quarters. Although technically defeated, Sweden sees the largest gain in of the participants in terms of the uptick in economic and commercial activity after the signing of the peace, as Danish and Russian governments no longer interfere with Swedish trade and commerce.
Although there is no civil insurrection in Poland as in France, the Great Sejm implements reforms that could be considered radical for the present time. Almost all elements of feudalism are abolished throughout Poland, with the nobility becoming answerable to the state. Even more radically, the clergy and their finances are to be under government supervision from now on. Although the goals of the reforms are certainly admirable from the liberal points of view, many in the Polish nobility and clergy resist the new changes. A group of Polish nobles, having travelled to St. Petersburg, urge Catherine to intervene immediately, before the situation in Poland gets out of hand and possibly spills over into Russia.
It has taken 25 years, but the Russian Imperial Academy of Art finally has a new building. Commissioned initially by Catherine the Great in 1764, the new building, built in the neoclassical style, opens in St. Petersburg. Catherine and her grandson Alexander attend the opening. With the expanded location, faculty, and prominence the Academy should be able to continue training the best artists in Russia and forge ties with arts institutions in the rest of Europe.
With the war against the Ottomans taking place beyond Novorossiya Grigory Potemkin faces a challenge of logistics. He has previously overseen the building of Kherson on the Black Sea to assert Russian power, but the army fighting the Turks requires a constant flow of supplies, and so he oversees a plan to establish better roads between the Dnieper valley and Russia. Much of the building is carried out by the Russian soldiers, so the quality of the work is questionable, but at the very least it is completed quickly and cheaply.
Facing the prospect of defeat at the hands of the Russians and Austrians the Sublime Porte looks to bolster the size of its standing military. Soldiers are recruited from Anatolia, particularly areas where farming has recently been on the decline, resulting in high unemployment. More importantly, the Sultan stands up a number of sekban units in Bosnia and Yedisan which can reinforce the regular forces there. Organized based on local affiliations, these units are loyal to the Sultan and can be deployed in a flexible manner. The sudden appearance of these irregular units surprises the Austrians, and their surprisingly competent performance in harassing and delaying the Austrian forces plays a key role in the failure of the Austrian campaign in the western Balkans.
Russo-Turkish War
The Ottoman Empire faces a precarious situation, having suffered a number of defeats in the previous year. Fortunately for the Sultan, the Austrians and Russians appear to reconsider their successful strategy that aimed to defeat the Ottoman armies, and chose to instead focus on a number of specific geographic objectives. To this end the Austrian army withdraws from its campaign in Moldavia in favor of action in Serbia, and the Russian army focuses on the fortress of Ismail, ceding the strategic initiative to the Ottomans.
In Serbia the Austrian campaign is an unmitigated disaster. The logistical and humanitarian situation in Banat is a nightmare that has resulted in thousands of refugees even before the arrival of the main Austrian army. Disease and a drastic shortage of supplies plague the Austrians as they attempt a push southwest, through the Serbian hills. The Ottomans under Grand Vizier Cenaze Hasan Pasha at no point give the Austrians a decisive battle, but local sekban units harass the Austrians throughout, contributing to the misery. When it becomes clear that the march through the Dinarides is folly the Austrians turn east towards Pristina, but fail to reach it as well. Eventually the army returns to Krusevac on the Danube, having lost a third of its men and more than half of its horses and artillery and captured not one important Ottoman outpost. If not for the Serbian Free Corps in Banat the door would be open for the Ottomans to retake their lost Serbian lands.
The Russians perform better than their Austrian allies, although that is not a high bar. The one major victory for the year comes at Iassy, where Russian troops under Petr Rumyantsev defeat Koca Yusuf Pasha. The Pasha prefers to save most of his army, withdrawing from the engagement when it is clear that he is unlikely to prevail. The Ottoman army sets up camp on the Siret from where they can keep an eye on the Russian armies in Moldavia and at the mouth of the Danube.
Having won a victory at Ochakov the previous year the second Russian army, under Suvorov and Potemkin, moves to besiege the formidable Ottoman fortress of Ismail. Although the Russian artillery does what it can, the siege turns into an impasse. Suvorov advises to maintain the siege, relying on the squadron under de Ribas to keep the fortress under blockade and to focus on the Ottoman army upriver, but Potemkin is eager for an “even greater victory” than Ochakov, and orders the Russian army into an assault. The Russians face a barrage in their approach to the fortress and then fight hand-to-hand on the ramparts, the walls, and then for each house and each room. The assaults are renewed every day for three days, but in the end the Turks throw back the Russians time and time again. Suvorov praises his men for the discipline and spirit they showed in the attack, but that is small consolation to the exhausted and depleted Russian army that ends the year still outside Ismail.
At sea, the Russian fleet commanded by Ushakov maintains its presence in the Black Sea, but the Ottomans appear to have little desire for confrontation unless the Russians threaten the Turkish straits. Further east, in the Caucasus, both sides dig in, with Pernin and his forces staying north of the Kuban while the Ottomans fortify the fortress at Anapa for a possible attack.
Americas
George Washington is unanimously elected the first President of the United States by the United States Electoral College. The 1st United States Congress meets and declares the new United States Constitution to be in effect. The bicameral United States Congress replaces the unicameral Congress of the Confederation as the legislature of the federal government of the United States.
In Brazil, far away from the social unrest of Europe, a group of conspirators act on their desire for an independent country. The spark for the insurrection is the imposition by Portugal of a tax on gold that is mined in Minas Gerais, although the roots of the rebellion can be traced to the ideas of the Enlightenment and the inspiration of the American example. Military officers, local priests, writers, and others from the middle class arrest the governor of the province and take over the city hall in São João del Rei where they proclaim a manifesto that includes the promotion of cotton production, the exploitation of iron and saltpeter reserves, a proposal to give incentives to mothers to have many children, and the creation of a citizens' militia.
Middle East and Africa
A moderate Danish squadron is dispatched to the Mediterranean to protect shipping against Muslim piracy. Although they are welcomed with hospitality by the Knights of Malta, the Danes find themselves fighting a surprisingly well-supplied and trained foe. Frustrated by defeats in two minor engagements, the Danes move to blockade the port of Tripoli, which prompts Ali I Pasha to petition his Ottoman overlords for aid against the Europeans.
Mohammad Khan Qajar is eager to assert his control over all of Persia. To this end he attempts to expand his military, although the results are mixed. Most of his regular troops are made up of Turkomans and Georgian slaves, and when he attempts to integrate Persian tribal units into the regular army he earns the resentment of the Persians. The recruitment of Azeri tribesmen to serve as cavalrymen goes better, but foreigners seem either uneasy or perhaps simply too busy to supply the Qajar army with artillery.
To demonstrate his power Mohammad Khan Qajar moves against the city of Kerman. The governor there has refused to acknowledge the Zand Shah Lotf Ali Khan, but he has also kept his distance from the Qajars. The harsh conditions and an early winter make the expedition challenging, and the Qajar army loses many men in reaching Kerman. Without artillery to break the gates of the city Mohammad Khan Qajar grows frustrated, but he is aware of the need to maintain his army, and so eventually orders a retreat back towards western Persia where his base is.
Asia and Oceania
The Durrani, worried about potential conflict with the Sikhs and the Maratha, focus on a series of army drills and reforms. A small group of soldiers are picked out to serve as an elite guards force, and these drill with bows, swords, and guns in order to provide an extra punch in combat when it is needed. In the other parts of the military there are changes meant to integrate soldiers who fight on horseback with those who fight on foot and make it possible to keep more control over what goes on on the battlefield. Whether these changes actually help the Durrani army, which is already one of the best in the area, remains to be seen.
A political struggle inside the Maratha government results in the ouster of Nana Fadnavis as regent and his replacement with the venerable Mahadaji Shinde. The move is likely to be beneficial to the young Madhavrao II, as Mahadaji appears to genuinely care for the Peshwa much more so than Nana, but the ousted minister is unlikely to quietly disappear given how powerful he is politically. For the moment, it appears that the power of the Peshwa is solid, but given his youth many of the Maratha vassals have worked for years with Nana rather than Madhavrao, and it is not certain whose side they would chose if they were forced to make a choise.
Other Events
William Herschel discovers Enceladus, one of Saturn's moons.
Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise of Chemistry), an influential chemistry textbook by Antoine Lavoisier, is published; translated into English in 1790, it comes to be considered the first modern chemical textbook.
Former slave Olaudah Equiano's autobiography The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, one of the earliest published works by a black writer, is published in London.
Last edited:
The World in 1790
Great Britain Great Power (score: 42)
France Great Power (score: 39)
Russia Great Power (score: 26)
Austria Great Power (score: 19)
Spain Great Power (score: 18)
Ottomans Secondary Power (score: 14)
Prussia Secondary Power (score: 10)
USA Secondary Power (score: 10)
Netherlands Secondary Power (score: 8)
Sweden Secondary Power (score: 6)
Naples Minor Power (score: 6)
Portugal Minor Power (score: 6)
Poland Minor Power (score: 5)
Sardinia Minor Power (score: 5)
Venice Minor Power (score: 4)
Denmark Minor Power (score: 4)
Bavaria Minor Power (score: 3)
Saxony Minor Power (score: 3)
Maratha Minor Power (score: 4)
Afghanistan Minor Power (score: 4)
Persia Minor Power (score: 2)
Notes:
Maxwell500 takes over Great Britain.
Warned for not sending orders:
aussieboy
Cloud Strife
99KingHigh
Maximum level of technology: 5.
Railroads require industrial technology level 5.
Steamboats require naval technology level 5.
Great Britain Great Power (score: 42)
France Great Power (score: 39)
Russia Great Power (score: 26)
Austria Great Power (score: 19)
Spain Great Power (score: 18)
Ottomans Secondary Power (score: 14)
Prussia Secondary Power (score: 10)
USA Secondary Power (score: 10)
Netherlands Secondary Power (score: 8)
Sweden Secondary Power (score: 6)
Naples Minor Power (score: 6)
Portugal Minor Power (score: 6)
Poland Minor Power (score: 5)
Sardinia Minor Power (score: 5)
Venice Minor Power (score: 4)
Denmark Minor Power (score: 4)
Bavaria Minor Power (score: 3)
Saxony Minor Power (score: 3)
Maratha Minor Power (score: 4)
Afghanistan Minor Power (score: 4)
Persia Minor Power (score: 2)
Notes:
Maxwell500 takes over Great Britain.
Warned for not sending orders:
aussieboy
Cloud Strife
99KingHigh
Maximum level of technology: 5.
Railroads require industrial technology level 5.
Steamboats require naval technology level 5.
Great Britain
Tier : Great Power (score: 42)
Government : Limited Constitutional Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 16.899 m.
Economy : £ 2,320 m.
Industry : £ 79 m.
Trade : £ 217 m.
Infrastructure : Good (0/5)
Administration : Good (0/5)
Education : Adequate (2/5)
Plurality : 8.4%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy* (2), Commerce (2), Culture (0), Industry (2)
Player : etranger01
France
Tier : Great Power (score: 39)
Government : Limited Constitutional Monarchy
Ideology : Liberal
Population : 27.320 m.
Economy : £ 3,076 m.
Industry : £ 57 m.
Trade : £ 170 m.
Infrastructure : Adequate (3/5)
Administration : Poor (0/5)
Education : Adequate (2/5)
Plurality : 12.3%
Militancy : 43.2%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (1), Navy (1), Commerce (1), Culture* (2), Industry (0)
Player : Shynka
Netherlands
Tier : Secondary Power (score: 8)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 2.126 m.
Economy : £ 328 m.
Industry : £ 6 m.
Trade : £ 39 m.
Infrastructure : Good (0/5)
Administration : Poor (0/5)
Education : Adequate (2/5)
Plurality : 23.2%
Militancy : 24.4%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (1), Commerce* (4), Culture (2), Industry (0)
Player : DutchGuy
Prussia
Tier : Secondary Power (score: 10)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 6.821 m.
Economy : £ 578 m.
Industry : £ 6 m.
Trade : £ 18 m.
Infrastructure : Adequate (2/5)
Administration : Poor (4/5)
Education : Adequate (0/5)
Plurality : 5.3%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (1), Navy (0), Commerce* (1), Culture (0), Industry (1)
Player : MastahCheef117
Saxony
Tier : Minor Power (score: 3)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 1.548 m.
Economy : £ 171 m.
Industry : £ 2 m.
Trade : £ 6 m.
Infrastructure : Adequate (2/5)
Administration : Poor (3/5)
Education : Poor (2/5)
Plurality : 5.3%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (1), Navy (0), Commerce* (0), Culture (0), Industry (0)
Player : aussieboy
Bavaria
Tier : Minor Power (score: 3)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 2.545 m.
Economy : £ 281 m.
Industry : £ 4 m.
Trade : £ 11 m.
Infrastructure : Adequate (3/5)
Administration : Poor (2/5)
Education : Poor (0/5)
Plurality : 5.3%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce (0), Culture* (0), Industry (0)
Player : Eid3r
Austria
Tier : Great Power (score: 19)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Liberal
Population : 24.538 m.
Economy : £ 2,094 m.
Industry : £ 20 m.
Trade : £ 71 m.
Infrastructure : Adequate (0/5)
Administration : Poor (1/5) [land survey done]
Education : Poor (4/5)
Plurality : 5.5%
Militancy : 30.5%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (1), Navy (0), Commerce (0), Culture* (1), Industry (0)
Player : Frymonmon
Sardinia
Tier : Minor Power (score: 5)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 2.687 m.
Economy : £ 306 m.
Industry : £ 4 m.
Trade : £ 11 m.
Infrastructure : Adequate (0/5)
Administration : Adequate (0/5)
Education : Poor (3/5)
Plurality : 5.5%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce* (1), Culture (1), Industry (0)
Player : Cloud Strife
Naples
Tier : Minor Power (score: 6)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 5.031 m.
Economy : £ 577 m.
Industry : £ 6 m.
Trade : £ 17 m.
Infrastructure : Poor (2/5)
Administration : Poor (3/5)
Education : Poor (0/5)
Plurality : 5.3%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce* (0), Culture (0), Industry (0)
Player : 99KingHigh
Venice
Tier : Minor Power (score: 4)
Government : Limited Democracy
Ideology : Liberal
Population : 2.771 m.
Economy : £ 293 m.
Industry : £ 3 m.
Trade : £ 12 m.
Infrastructure : Poor (3/5)
Administration : Adequate (1/5)
Education : Poor (2/5)
Plurality : 11.9%
Militancy : 5.7% [liberal agitation]
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce* (1), Culture (0), Industry (0)
Player : Spitfire5793
Spain
Tier : Great Power (score: 18)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Liberal
Population : 11.628 m.
Economy : £ 1,225 m.
Industry : £ 17 m.
Trade : £ 47 m.
Infrastructure : Adequate (3/5)
Administration : Adequate (4/5) [Census completed]
Education : Poor (3/5)
Plurality : 5.3%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy* (1), Commerce (0), Culture (0), Industry (0)
Player : Harpsichord
Portugal
Tier : Minor Power (score: 6)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 2.910 m.
Economy : £ 296 m.
Industry : £ 3 m.
Trade : £ 14 m.
Infrastructure : Adequate (0/5)
Administration : Poor (2/5)
Education : Poor (3/5)
Plurality : 5.5%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce* (1), Culture (1), Industry (0)
Player : Terraferma
Denmark
Tier : Minor Power (score: 4)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Liberal
Population : 1.770 m.
Economy : £ 133 m.
Industry : £ 1 m.
Trade : £ 6 m.
Infrastructure : Adequate (0/5)
Administration : Poor (0/5)
Education : Poor (4/5)
Plurality : 5.5%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce (0), Culture* (1), Industry (0)
Player : baboushreturns
Sweden
Tier : Secondary Power (score: 6)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Liberal
Population : 3.243 m.
Economy : £ 322 m.
Industry : £ 3 m.
Trade : £ 13 m.
Infrastructure : Poor (2/5)
Administration : Adequate (4/5)
Education : Adequate (0/5)
Plurality : 3.1%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce (1), Culture* (0), Industry (0)
Player : Korona
Poland
Tier : Minor Power (score: 5)
Government : Limited Constitutional Monarchy [Great Sejm ongoing]
Ideology : Liberal
Population : 9.636 m.
Economy : £ 628 m.
Industry : £ 4 m.
Trade : £ 13 m.
Infrastructure : Poor (0/5)
Administration : Poor (3/5) [+1 at the end of the Great Sejm]
Education : Poor (3/5)
Plurality : 7.7%
Militancy : 3.4%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce (0), Culture* (1), Industry (0)
Player : aedan777
Russia
Tier : Great Power (score: 26)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 30.593 m.
Economy : £ 2,083 m.
Industry : £ 13 m.
Trade : £ 39 m.
Infrastructure : Poor (1/5) [temporary boost until the end of the Russo-Turkish War]
Administration : Adequate (2/5)
Education : Poor (2/5)
Plurality : 3.6%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (2), Navy (1), Commerce (0), Culture* (2), Industry (0)
Player : Sneakyflaps
Ottomans
Tier : Secondary Power (score: 14)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 28.140 m.
Economy : £ 1,718 m.
Industry : £ 10 m.
Trade : £ 34 m.
Infrastructure : Poor (2/5)
Administration : Adequate (0/5)
Education : Poor (0/5)
Plurality : 1.8%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce (0), Culture* (0), Industry (0)
Player : XVG
Persia
Tier : Minor Power (score: 2)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 6.129 m.
Economy : £ 366 m.
Industry : £ 1 m.
Trade : £ 4 m.
Infrastructure : Poor (0/5)
Administration : Poor (2/5)
Education : Failing (3/5)
Plurality : 1.8%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce* (0), Culture (0), Industry (0)
Player : Arrowfiend
Afghanistan
Tier : Minor Power (score: 4)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 13.797 m.
Economy : £ 769 m.
Industry : £ 2 m.
Trade : £ 8 m.
Infrastructure : Failing (3/5)
Administration : Poor (3/5)
Education : Failing (2/5)
Plurality : 1.8%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce* (0), Culture (0), Industry (0)
Player : Ranger900
Maratha
Tier : Minor Power (score: 11)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 71.125 m.
Economy : £ 3,965 m.
Industry : £ 14 m.
Trade : £ 46 m.
Infrastructure : Poor (0/5)
Administration : Poor (0/5)
Education : Failing (3/5)
Plurality : 1.8%
Militancy : 1.6% [unrest among the vassals]
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce* (0), Culture (0), Industry (0)
Player : Dadarian
USA
Tier : Secondary Power (score: 10)
Government : Democracy [next election 1792]
Ideology : Liberal
Population : 5.607 m.
Economy : £ 552 m.
Industry : £ 9 m.
Trade : £ 27 m.
Infrastructure : Adequate (0/5)
Administration : Adequate (4/5)
Education : Adequate (2/5)
Plurality : 22.8%
Militancy : 1.4%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (1), Navy (1), Commerce* (1), Culture (0), Industry (0)
Player : Stormbringer
Tier : Great Power (score: 42)
Government : Limited Constitutional Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 16.899 m.
Economy : £ 2,320 m.
Industry : £ 79 m.
Trade : £ 217 m.
Infrastructure : Good (0/5)
Administration : Good (0/5)
Education : Adequate (2/5)
Plurality : 8.4%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy* (2), Commerce (2), Culture (0), Industry (2)
Player : etranger01
Income : £ 180 m.
Expenses : £ 251 m.
Treasury : £ -1,238 m.
Expenses : £ 251 m.
Treasury : £ -1,238 m.
Army quality : Adequate (4/5)
38 infantry and 12 cavalry regiments, 20 artillery batteries
5 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : Good (1/5)
95 ships of the line [+10 ships of the line in 1791]
107 frigates and 75 smaller ships [+20 frigates in 1790 and 1791]
Manpower : 0.055 m.
38 infantry and 12 cavalry regiments, 20 artillery batteries
5 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : Good (1/5)
95 ships of the line [+10 ships of the line in 1791]
107 frigates and 75 smaller ships [+20 frigates in 1790 and 1791]
Manpower : 0.055 m.
British North America
Population : 0.575 m.
Economy : £ 49 m.
Income : £ 1 m.
Military Garrison :
0 colonial and 1 local regiments
Naval Squadron :
0 ships of the line
6 frigates and 4 smaller ships
British Caribbean
Population : 0.721 m.
Economy : £ 45 m.
Income : £ 3 m.
Military Garrison :
0 colonial and 2 local regiments
Naval Squadron :
0 ships of the line
2 frigates and 5 smaller ships
British West Africa
Population : 0.158 m. [including natives]
Economy : £ 6 m.
Income : £ 0 m.
Military Garrison :
0 colonial and 0 local regiments
Naval Squadron :
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 2 smaller ships
British East India Company
Population : 47.814 m.
Economy : £ 2,591 m.
Income : £ 89 m. [total BEIC income]
Military Garrison :
4 colonial and 12 local regiments
Naval Squadron :
0 ships of the line
2 frigates and 7 smaller ships
British Australia
Population : 0.008 m.
Economy : £ 1 m.
Income : £ 0 m.
Military Garrison :
0 colonial and 0 local regiments
Naval Squadron :
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 1 smaller ships
Population : 0.575 m.
Economy : £ 49 m.
Income : £ 1 m.
Military Garrison :
0 colonial and 1 local regiments
Naval Squadron :
0 ships of the line
6 frigates and 4 smaller ships
British Caribbean
Population : 0.721 m.
Economy : £ 45 m.
Income : £ 3 m.
Military Garrison :
0 colonial and 2 local regiments
Naval Squadron :
0 ships of the line
2 frigates and 5 smaller ships
British West Africa
Population : 0.158 m. [including natives]
Economy : £ 6 m.
Income : £ 0 m.
Military Garrison :
0 colonial and 0 local regiments
Naval Squadron :
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 2 smaller ships
British East India Company
Population : 47.814 m.
Economy : £ 2,591 m.
Income : £ 89 m. [total BEIC income]
Military Garrison :
4 colonial and 12 local regiments
Naval Squadron :
0 ships of the line
2 frigates and 7 smaller ships
British Australia
Population : 0.008 m.
Economy : £ 1 m.
Income : £ 0 m.
Military Garrison :
0 colonial and 0 local regiments
Naval Squadron :
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 1 smaller ships
France
Tier : Great Power (score: 39)
Government : Limited Constitutional Monarchy
Ideology : Liberal
Population : 27.320 m.
Economy : £ 3,076 m.
Industry : £ 57 m.
Trade : £ 170 m.
Infrastructure : Adequate (3/5)
Administration : Poor (0/5)
Education : Adequate (2/5)
Plurality : 12.3%
Militancy : 43.2%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (1), Navy (1), Commerce (1), Culture* (2), Industry (0)
Player : Shynka
Income : £ 142 m.
Expenses : £ 499 m.
Treasury : £ -2,623 m.
Expenses : £ 499 m.
Treasury : £ -2,623 m.
Army quality : Adequate (3/5)
70 infantry and 23 cavalry regiments, 35 artillery batteries
10 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : Adequate (2/5)
45 ships of the line
40 frigates and 32 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.245 m.
70 infantry and 23 cavalry regiments, 35 artillery batteries
10 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : Adequate (2/5)
45 ships of the line
40 frigates and 32 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.245 m.
French Caribbean
Population : 0.711 m.
Economy : £ 36 m.
Income : £ 1 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 2 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
1 frigates and 3 smaller ships
French Africa
Population : 0.429 m. [including natives]
Economy : £ 30 m.
Income : £ 1 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 0 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 4 smaller ships
French India
Population : 2.294 m.
Economy : £ 128 m.
Income : £ 4 m.
Military Garrison
3 colonial and 2 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 5 smaller ships
Population : 0.711 m.
Economy : £ 36 m.
Income : £ 1 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 2 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
1 frigates and 3 smaller ships
French Africa
Population : 0.429 m. [including natives]
Economy : £ 30 m.
Income : £ 1 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 0 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 4 smaller ships
French India
Population : 2.294 m.
Economy : £ 128 m.
Income : £ 4 m.
Military Garrison
3 colonial and 2 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 5 smaller ships
Netherlands
Tier : Secondary Power (score: 8)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 2.126 m.
Economy : £ 328 m.
Industry : £ 6 m.
Trade : £ 39 m.
Infrastructure : Good (0/5)
Administration : Poor (0/5)
Education : Adequate (2/5)
Plurality : 23.2%
Militancy : 24.4%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (1), Commerce* (4), Culture (2), Industry (0)
Player : DutchGuy
Income : £ 32 m.
Expenses : £ 21 m.
Treasury : £ -75 m.
Expenses : £ 21 m.
Treasury : £ -75 m.
Army quality : Poor (3/5)
3 infantry and 1 cavalry regiments, 1 artillery batteries
0 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : Poor (2/5)
3 ships of the line
18 frigates and 10 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.002 m.
3 infantry and 1 cavalry regiments, 1 artillery batteries
0 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : Poor (2/5)
3 ships of the line
18 frigates and 10 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.002 m.
Dutch Caribbean
Population : 0.144 m.
Economy : £ 9 m.
Income : £ 1 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 0 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
1 frigates and 2 smaller ships
Dutch West Africa
Population : 0.137 m. [including natives]
Economy : £ 5 m.
Income : £ 0 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 0 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 1 smaller ships
Dutch South Africa
Population : 0.320 m. [including natives]
Economy : £ 15 m.
Income : £ 0 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 1 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 2 smaller ships
Dutch East India Company
Population : 5.315 m.
Economy : £ 312 m.
Income : £ 18 m. [total VOC income]
Military Garrison
1 colonial and 4 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
2 frigates and 3 smaller ships
Population : 0.144 m.
Economy : £ 9 m.
Income : £ 1 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 0 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
1 frigates and 2 smaller ships
Dutch West Africa
Population : 0.137 m. [including natives]
Economy : £ 5 m.
Income : £ 0 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 0 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 1 smaller ships
Dutch South Africa
Population : 0.320 m. [including natives]
Economy : £ 15 m.
Income : £ 0 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 1 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 2 smaller ships
Dutch East India Company
Population : 5.315 m.
Economy : £ 312 m.
Income : £ 18 m. [total VOC income]
Military Garrison
1 colonial and 4 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
2 frigates and 3 smaller ships
Prussia
Tier : Secondary Power (score: 10)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 6.821 m.
Economy : £ 578 m.
Industry : £ 6 m.
Trade : £ 18 m.
Infrastructure : Adequate (2/5)
Administration : Poor (4/5)
Education : Adequate (0/5)
Plurality : 5.3%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (1), Navy (0), Commerce* (1), Culture (0), Industry (1)
Player : MastahCheef117
Income : £ 30 m.
Expenses : £ 45 m.
Treasury : £ -87 m.
Expenses : £ 45 m.
Treasury : £ -87 m.
Army quality : Adequate (1/5)
65 infantry and 23 cavalry regiments, 25 artillery batteries [emphasis on horse-drawn artillery]
8 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : Failing (4/5)
0 ships of the line
2 frigates and 4 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.007 m.
65 infantry and 23 cavalry regiments, 25 artillery batteries [emphasis on horse-drawn artillery]
8 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : Failing (4/5)
0 ships of the line
2 frigates and 4 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.007 m.
Saxony
Tier : Minor Power (score: 3)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 1.548 m.
Economy : £ 171 m.
Industry : £ 2 m.
Trade : £ 6 m.
Infrastructure : Adequate (2/5)
Administration : Poor (3/5)
Education : Poor (2/5)
Plurality : 5.3%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (1), Navy (0), Commerce* (0), Culture (0), Industry (0)
Player : aussieboy
Income : £ 8 m.
Expenses : £ 7 m.
Treasury : £ -20 m.
Expenses : £ 7 m.
Treasury : £ -20 m.
Army quality : Adequate (0/5)
3 infantry and 1 cavalry regiments, 1 artillery batteries
0 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : N/A
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 0 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.018 m.
3 infantry and 1 cavalry regiments, 1 artillery batteries
0 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : N/A
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 0 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.018 m.
Bavaria
Tier : Minor Power (score: 3)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 2.545 m.
Economy : £ 281 m.
Industry : £ 4 m.
Trade : £ 11 m.
Infrastructure : Adequate (3/5)
Administration : Poor (2/5)
Education : Poor (0/5)
Plurality : 5.3%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce (0), Culture* (0), Industry (0)
Player : Eid3r
Income : £ 13 m.
Expenses : £ 12 m.
Treasury : £ -69 m.
Expenses : £ 12 m.
Treasury : £ -69 m.
Army quality : Poor (2/5)
3 infantry and 1 cavalry regiments, 1 artillery batteries
0 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : N/A
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 0 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.015 m.
3 infantry and 1 cavalry regiments, 1 artillery batteries
0 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : N/A
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 0 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.015 m.
Austria
Tier : Great Power (score: 19)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Liberal
Population : 24.538 m.
Economy : £ 2,094 m.
Industry : £ 20 m.
Trade : £ 71 m.
Infrastructure : Adequate (0/5)
Administration : Poor (1/5) [land survey done]
Education : Poor (4/5)
Plurality : 5.5%
Militancy : 30.5%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (1), Navy (0), Commerce (0), Culture* (1), Industry (0)
Player : Frymonmon
Income : £ 124 m.
Expenses : £ 155 m.
Treasury : £ -552 m.
Expenses : £ 155 m.
Treasury : £ -552 m.
Army quality : Adequate (0/5)
87 infantry and 35 cavalry regiments, 32 artillery batteries
10 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : Poor (0/5)
0 ships of the line
3 frigates and 5 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.121 m.
87 infantry and 35 cavalry regiments, 32 artillery batteries
10 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : Poor (0/5)
0 ships of the line
3 frigates and 5 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.121 m.
Sardinia
Tier : Minor Power (score: 5)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 2.687 m.
Economy : £ 306 m.
Industry : £ 4 m.
Trade : £ 11 m.
Infrastructure : Adequate (0/5)
Administration : Adequate (0/5)
Education : Poor (3/5)
Plurality : 5.5%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce* (1), Culture (1), Industry (0)
Player : Cloud Strife
Income : £ 16 m.
Expenses : £ 11 m.
Treasury : £ -35 m.
Expenses : £ 11 m.
Treasury : £ -35 m.
Army quality : Poor (4/5)
4 infantry and 1 cavalry regiments, 1 artillery batteries
0 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : Poor (0/5)
0 ships of the line
1 frigates and 4 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.014 m.
4 infantry and 1 cavalry regiments, 1 artillery batteries
0 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : Poor (0/5)
0 ships of the line
1 frigates and 4 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.014 m.
Naples
Tier : Minor Power (score: 6)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 5.031 m.
Economy : £ 577 m.
Industry : £ 6 m.
Trade : £ 17 m.
Infrastructure : Poor (2/5)
Administration : Poor (3/5)
Education : Poor (0/5)
Plurality : 5.3%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce* (0), Culture (0), Industry (0)
Player : 99KingHigh
Income : £ 27 m.
Expenses : £ 22 m.
Treasury : £ -140 m.
Expenses : £ 22 m.
Treasury : £ -140 m.
Army quality : Poor (2/5)
5 infantry and 1 cavalry regiments, 2 artillery batteries
1 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : Poor (0/5)
4 ships of the line
5 frigates and 3 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.017 m.
5 infantry and 1 cavalry regiments, 2 artillery batteries
1 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : Poor (0/5)
4 ships of the line
5 frigates and 3 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.017 m.
Venice
Tier : Minor Power (score: 4)
Government : Limited Democracy
Ideology : Liberal
Population : 2.771 m.
Economy : £ 293 m.
Industry : £ 3 m.
Trade : £ 12 m.
Infrastructure : Poor (3/5)
Administration : Adequate (1/5)
Education : Poor (2/5)
Plurality : 11.9%
Militancy : 5.7% [liberal agitation]
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce* (1), Culture (0), Industry (0)
Player : Spitfire5793
Income : £ 13 m.
Expenses : £ 13 m.
Treasury : £ -73 m.
Expenses : £ 13 m.
Treasury : £ -73 m.
Army quality : Poor (0/5)
2 infantry and 0 cavalry regiments, 1 artillery batteries
0 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : Poor (2/5)
8 ships of the line
5 frigates and 7 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.000 m.
2 infantry and 0 cavalry regiments, 1 artillery batteries
0 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : Poor (2/5)
8 ships of the line
5 frigates and 7 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.000 m.
Spain
Tier : Great Power (score: 18)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Liberal
Population : 11.628 m.
Economy : £ 1,225 m.
Industry : £ 17 m.
Trade : £ 47 m.
Infrastructure : Adequate (3/5)
Administration : Adequate (4/5) [Census completed]
Education : Poor (3/5)
Plurality : 5.3%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy* (1), Commerce (0), Culture (0), Industry (0)
Player : Harpsichord
Income : £ 61 m.
Expenses : £ 92 m.
Treasury : £ -335 m.
Expenses : £ 92 m.
Treasury : £ -335 m.
Army quality : Adequate (2/5)
23 infantry and 8 cavalry regiments, 10 artillery batteries
3 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : Adequate (4/5)
37 ships of the line
40 frigates and 30 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.055 m.
23 infantry and 8 cavalry regiments, 10 artillery batteries
3 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : Adequate (4/5)
37 ships of the line
40 frigates and 30 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.055 m.
Spanish Caribbean
Population : 0.953 m.
Economy : £ 63 m.
Income : £ 1 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 2 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
2 frigates and 4 smaller ships
New Spain
Population : 7.058 m.
Economy : £ 477 m.
Income : £ 1 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 5 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
1 frigates and 3 smaller ships
Spanish South America
Population : 5.662 m.
Economy : £ 344 m.
Income : £ 1 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 4 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 4 smaller ships
Spanish Philippines
Population : 1.716 m.
Economy : £ 100 m.
Income : £ 0 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 2 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 5 smaller ships
Population : 0.953 m.
Economy : £ 63 m.
Income : £ 1 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 2 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
2 frigates and 4 smaller ships
New Spain
Population : 7.058 m.
Economy : £ 477 m.
Income : £ 1 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 5 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
1 frigates and 3 smaller ships
Spanish South America
Population : 5.662 m.
Economy : £ 344 m.
Income : £ 1 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 4 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 4 smaller ships
Spanish Philippines
Population : 1.716 m.
Economy : £ 100 m.
Income : £ 0 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 2 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 5 smaller ships
Portugal
Tier : Minor Power (score: 6)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 2.910 m.
Economy : £ 296 m.
Industry : £ 3 m.
Trade : £ 14 m.
Infrastructure : Adequate (0/5)
Administration : Poor (2/5)
Education : Poor (3/5)
Plurality : 5.5%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce* (1), Culture (1), Industry (0)
Player : Terraferma
Income : £ 23 m.
Expenses : £ 20 m.
Treasury : £ -74 m.
Expenses : £ 20 m.
Treasury : £ -74 m.
Army quality : Poor (3/5)
3 infantry and 1 cavalry regiments, 1 artillery batteries
0 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : Adequate (0/5)
10 ships of the line
8 frigates and 12 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.002 m.
3 infantry and 1 cavalry regiments, 1 artillery batteries
0 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : Adequate (0/5)
10 ships of the line
8 frigates and 12 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.002 m.
Brazil [liberal agitation]
Population : 3.263 m.
Economy : £ 205 m.
Income : £ 1 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 4 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
1 frigates and 3 smaller ships
Portuguese Africa
Population : 1.388 m. [including natives]
Economy : £ 64 m.
Income : £ 0 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 2 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 2 smaller ships
Portuguese East Indies
Population : 4.484 m. [including natives]
Economy : £ 257 m.
Income : £ 6 m.
Military Garrison
1 colonial and 2 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 4 smaller ships
Population : 3.263 m.
Economy : £ 205 m.
Income : £ 1 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 4 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
1 frigates and 3 smaller ships
Portuguese Africa
Population : 1.388 m. [including natives]
Economy : £ 64 m.
Income : £ 0 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 2 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 2 smaller ships
Portuguese East Indies
Population : 4.484 m. [including natives]
Economy : £ 257 m.
Income : £ 6 m.
Military Garrison
1 colonial and 2 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 4 smaller ships
Denmark
Tier : Minor Power (score: 4)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Liberal
Population : 1.770 m.
Economy : £ 133 m.
Industry : £ 1 m.
Trade : £ 6 m.
Infrastructure : Adequate (0/5)
Administration : Poor (0/5)
Education : Poor (4/5)
Plurality : 5.5%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce (0), Culture* (1), Industry (0)
Player : baboushreturns
Income : £ 7 m.
Expenses : £ 16 m.
Treasury : £ -26 m.
Expenses : £ 16 m.
Treasury : £ -26 m.
Army quality : Poor (3/5)
2 infantry and 0 cavalry regiments, 1 artillery batteries
0 engineer and 0 Cossack units
Navy quality : Adequate (3/5)
12 ships of the line [+X ships in 1791]
7 frigates and 5 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.002 m.
2 infantry and 0 cavalry regiments, 1 artillery batteries
0 engineer and 0 Cossack units
Navy quality : Adequate (3/5)
12 ships of the line [+X ships in 1791]
7 frigates and 5 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.002 m.
Danish Caribbean
Population : 0.029 m.
Economy : £ 2 m.
Income : £ 0 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 0 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 1 smaller ships
Danish Africa
Population : 0.137 m. [including natives]
Economy : £ 5 m.
Income : £ 0 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 0 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 1 smaller ships
Danish India
Population : 0.574 m.
Economy : £ 32 m.
Income : £ 1 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 0 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 2 smaller ships
Population : 0.029 m.
Economy : £ 2 m.
Income : £ 0 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 0 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 1 smaller ships
Danish Africa
Population : 0.137 m. [including natives]
Economy : £ 5 m.
Income : £ 0 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 0 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 1 smaller ships
Danish India
Population : 0.574 m.
Economy : £ 32 m.
Income : £ 1 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 0 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 2 smaller ships
Sweden
Tier : Secondary Power (score: 6)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Liberal
Population : 3.243 m.
Economy : £ 322 m.
Industry : £ 3 m.
Trade : £ 13 m.
Infrastructure : Poor (2/5)
Administration : Adequate (4/5)
Education : Adequate (0/5)
Plurality : 3.1%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce (1), Culture* (0), Industry (0)
Player : Korona
Income : £ 17 m.
Expenses : £ 16 m.
Treasury : £ -40 m.
Expenses : £ 16 m.
Treasury : £ -40 m.
Army quality : Adequate (2/5)
7 infantry and 2 cavalry regiments, 3 artillery batteries
1 engineer and 0 Cossack units
Navy quality : Poor (4/5)
7 ships of the line
12 frigates and 8 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.017 m.
7 infantry and 2 cavalry regiments, 3 artillery batteries
1 engineer and 0 Cossack units
Navy quality : Poor (4/5)
7 ships of the line
12 frigates and 8 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.017 m.
Swedish Caribbean
Population : 0.014 m.
Economy : £ 1 m.
Income : £ 0 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 0 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 1 smaller ships
Population : 0.014 m.
Economy : £ 1 m.
Income : £ 0 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 0 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 1 smaller ships
Poland
Tier : Minor Power (score: 5)
Government : Limited Constitutional Monarchy [Great Sejm ongoing]
Ideology : Liberal
Population : 9.636 m.
Economy : £ 628 m.
Industry : £ 4 m.
Trade : £ 13 m.
Infrastructure : Poor (0/5)
Administration : Poor (3/5) [+1 at the end of the Great Sejm]
Education : Poor (3/5)
Plurality : 7.7%
Militancy : 3.4%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce (0), Culture* (1), Industry (0)
Player : aedan777
Income : £ 24 m.
Expenses : £ 26 m.
Treasury : £ -159 m.
Expenses : £ 26 m.
Treasury : £ -159 m.
Army quality : Poor (0/5)
14 infantry and 4 cavalry regiments, 4 artillery batteries
2 engineer and 0 Cossack units
Navy quality : Failing (2/5)
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 2 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.018 m.
14 infantry and 4 cavalry regiments, 4 artillery batteries
2 engineer and 0 Cossack units
Navy quality : Failing (2/5)
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 2 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.018 m.
Russia
Tier : Great Power (score: 26)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 30.593 m.
Economy : £ 2,083 m.
Industry : £ 13 m.
Trade : £ 39 m.
Infrastructure : Poor (1/5) [temporary boost until the end of the Russo-Turkish War]
Administration : Adequate (2/5)
Education : Poor (2/5)
Plurality : 3.6%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (2), Navy (1), Commerce (0), Culture* (2), Industry (0)
Player : Sneakyflaps
Income : £ 133 m.
Expenses : £ 266 m.
Treasury : £ -383 m.
Expenses : £ 266 m.
Treasury : £ -383 m.
Army quality : Good (0/5)
158 infantry and 25 cavalry regiments, 102 artillery batteries
12 engineer and 83 Cossack units
Navy quality : Adequate (3/5)
45 ships of the line
25 frigates and 27 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.266 m.
158 infantry and 25 cavalry regiments, 102 artillery batteries
12 engineer and 83 Cossack units
Navy quality : Adequate (3/5)
45 ships of the line
25 frigates and 27 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.266 m.
Russian North America
Population : 0.173 m. [including natives]
Economy : £ 12 m.
Income : £ 0 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 0 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 0 smaller ships
Population : 0.173 m. [including natives]
Economy : £ 12 m.
Income : £ 0 m.
Military Garrison
0 colonial and 0 local regiments
Naval Squadron
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 0 smaller ships
Ottomans
Tier : Secondary Power (score: 14)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 28.140 m.
Economy : £ 1,718 m.
Industry : £ 10 m.
Trade : £ 34 m.
Infrastructure : Poor (2/5)
Administration : Adequate (0/5)
Education : Poor (0/5)
Plurality : 1.8%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce (0), Culture* (0), Industry (0)
Player : XVG
Income : £ 79 m.
Expenses : £ 104 m.
Treasury : £ -110 m.
Expenses : £ 104 m.
Treasury : £ -110 m.
Army quality : Poor (3/5)
67 infantry and 20 cavalry regiments, 24 artillery batteries
5 engineer and 53 sekban units
Navy quality : Adequate (0/5)
20 ships of the line
32 frigates and 17 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.015 m.
67 infantry and 20 cavalry regiments, 24 artillery batteries
5 engineer and 53 sekban units
Navy quality : Adequate (0/5)
20 ships of the line
32 frigates and 17 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.015 m.
Persia
Tier : Minor Power (score: 2)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 6.129 m.
Economy : £ 366 m.
Industry : £ 1 m.
Trade : £ 4 m.
Infrastructure : Poor (0/5)
Administration : Poor (2/5)
Education : Failing (3/5)
Plurality : 1.8%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce* (0), Culture (0), Industry (0)
Player : Arrowfiend
Income : £ 6 m.
Expenses : £ 5 m.
Treasury : £ 11 m.
Expenses : £ 5 m.
Treasury : £ 11 m.
Army quality : Failing (4/5)
5 infantry and 5 cavalry regiments, 1 artillery batteries
0 engineer and 7 irregular units
Navy quality : Failing (3/5)
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 2 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.003 m.
5 infantry and 5 cavalry regiments, 1 artillery batteries
0 engineer and 7 irregular units
Navy quality : Failing (3/5)
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 2 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.003 m.
Afghanistan
Tier : Minor Power (score: 4)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 13.797 m.
Economy : £ 769 m.
Industry : £ 2 m.
Trade : £ 8 m.
Infrastructure : Failing (3/5)
Administration : Poor (3/5)
Education : Failing (2/5)
Plurality : 1.8%
Militancy : 0.0%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce* (0), Culture (0), Industry (0)
Player : Ranger900
Income : £ 13 m.
Expenses : £ 10 m.
Treasury : £ 22 m.
Expenses : £ 10 m.
Treasury : £ 22 m.
Army quality : Poor (2/5) [army reform and training]
7 infantry and 8 cavalry regiments, 0 artillery batteries
0 engineer and 10 irregular units
Navy quality : N/A
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 0 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.060 m.
7 infantry and 8 cavalry regiments, 0 artillery batteries
0 engineer and 10 irregular units
Navy quality : N/A
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 0 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.060 m.
Maratha
Tier : Minor Power (score: 11)
Government : Absolute Monarchy
Ideology : Conservative
Population : 71.125 m.
Economy : £ 3,965 m.
Industry : £ 14 m.
Trade : £ 46 m.
Infrastructure : Poor (0/5)
Administration : Poor (0/5)
Education : Failing (3/5)
Plurality : 1.8%
Militancy : 1.6% [unrest among the vassals]
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (0), Navy (0), Commerce* (0), Culture (0), Industry (0)
Player : Dadarian
Income : £ 66 m.
Expenses : £ 28 m.
Treasury : £ 134 m.
Expenses : £ 28 m.
Treasury : £ 134 m.
Army quality : Poor (0/5)
23 infantry and 7 cavalry regiments, 2 artillery batteries
0 engineer and 45 irregular units
Navy quality : Failing (2/5)
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 3 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.073 m.
23 infantry and 7 cavalry regiments, 2 artillery batteries
0 engineer and 45 irregular units
Navy quality : Failing (2/5)
0 ships of the line
0 frigates and 3 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.073 m.
USA
Tier : Secondary Power (score: 10)
Government : Democracy [next election 1792]
Ideology : Liberal
Population : 5.607 m.
Economy : £ 552 m.
Industry : £ 9 m.
Trade : £ 27 m.
Infrastructure : Adequate (0/5)
Administration : Adequate (4/5)
Education : Adequate (2/5)
Plurality : 22.8%
Militancy : 1.4%
Social reforms : None
Technology : Army (1), Navy (1), Commerce* (1), Culture (0), Industry (0)
Player : Stormbringer
Income : £ 24 m.
Expenses : £ 27 m.
Treasury : £ 11 m.
Expenses : £ 27 m.
Treasury : £ 11 m.
Army quality : Adequate (2/5)
10 infantry and 2 cavalry regiments, 4 artillery batteries
1 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : Adequate (3/5)
0 ships of the line
12 frigates and 7 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.058 m.
10 infantry and 2 cavalry regiments, 4 artillery batteries
1 engineer and 0 irregular units
Navy quality : Adequate (3/5)
0 ships of the line
12 frigates and 7 smaller ships
Manpower : 0.058 m.
Last edited:
Treaty of Sistova
On the 14th of January 1790
On the 27th of Rebi-ül-ahir 1204
On the 14th of January 1790
On the 27th of Rebi-ül-ahir 1204
The Imperial and Royal Court and the Ottoman Sublime Porte, inspired by the mutual desire torestore the fortunate bonds of peace, friendship and good neighbourhood which have existed between the two Empires during half a century . . .
1. From the signing of this treaty, a state of perpetual and universal peace shall preside between the Sublime Ottoman State and the Habsburg Monarchy, as well as all their subjects.
2. To bring forth an era of true and sincere peace and co-operation, the town of Orsova / Adakale and its territories north of the Danube river are ceded to the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary and the Sublime Porte forfeits its claims on the city.
3. Likewise, the Ottoman-Austrian frontier between the Bosnian Eyalet and Habsburg domains of Croatia will be reviewed with a number of small ((OTL)) territories ceded to the Habsburg crown.
4. Both sides affirm their intent to immediately release and repatriate any prisoners of war, and to do their best to foster a development of amicable ties along the newly defined frontier.
5. To guarantee a peaceful future, both sides agree to pledge themselves to a mutual policy of truce and non-aggression lasting five years, with a possibility of renewal once it expires.
[X] For the Ottoman State, Grand Vizier Cenaze Hasan Pasha
[X] For the Habsburg Monarchy, Johann Amadeus Franz von Thugut, State Chancellor of the Habsburg Monarchy for Leopold II
Last edited:
Treaty of Sistova
[X] Johann Amadeus Franz von Thugut, State Chancellor of the Habsburg Monarchy for Leopold II, By the Grace of God, Holy Roman Emperor; King of Germany, Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia and Lodomeria, Rama, Serbia, Cumania and Bulgaria; Archduke of Austria; Duke of Burgundy, Lorraine, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Grand Duke of Etruria; Grand Prince of Transylvania; Margrave of Moravia, Prince of Brabant, Limburg, Luxembourg, Geldern, Württemberg, Upper and Lower Silesia, Milan, Mantua, Parma, Piacenza, Guastalla, Auschwitz and Zatoria, Calabria, Bar, Ferrete and Teschen; Lord of Svevia and Charleville; Count of Habsburg, Flanders, Hannonia, Kyburg, Gorizia, Gradisca; Margrave of Burgau, Upper and Lower Lusatia, Pont-a-Mousson and Nomenum, Count of Provinces of Namur, Valdemons, Albimons, Count of Zütphen, Sarverda, Salma and Falkenstein, Lord of the Wend Margravate and Mechelen, etc.