• We have updated our Community Code of Conduct. Please read through the new rules for the forum that are an integral part of Paradox Interactive’s User Agreement.

shypixel

First Lieutenant
60 Badges
Mar 6, 2012
281
0
  • Crusader Kings II
  • Heir to the Throne
  • Europa Universalis III Complete
  • Divine Wind
  • Europa Universalis IV
  • Stellaris: Synthetic Dawn
  • Crusader Kings II: Conclave
  • Europa Universalis IV: Mare Nostrum
  • Stellaris
  • Crusader Kings II: Reapers Due
  • Europa Universalis IV: Rights of Man
  • Stellaris: Digital Anniversary Edition
  • Stellaris: Leviathans Story Pack
  • Crusader Kings II: Monks and Mystics
  • Stellaris - Path to Destruction bundle
  • Europa Universalis IV: Mandate of Heaven
  • Europa Universalis IV: Third Rome
  • Crusader Kings II: Way of Life
  • Europa Universalis IV: Cradle of Civilization
  • Crusader Kings II: Jade Dragon
  • Stellaris: Humanoids Species Pack
  • Stellaris: Apocalypse
  • Europa Universalis IV: Rule Britannia
  • Stellaris: Distant Stars
  • Europa Universalis IV: Dharma
  • Shadowrun Returns
  • Shadowrun: Dragonfall
  • Stellaris: Necroids
  • Europa Universalis IV: Conquest of Paradise
  • Crusader Kings II: Charlemagne
  • Crusader Kings II: Legacy of Rome
  • Crusader Kings II: The Old Gods
  • Crusader Kings II: Rajas of India
  • Crusader Kings II: The Republic
  • Crusader Kings II: Sons of Abraham
  • Crusader Kings II: Sunset Invasion
  • Crusader Kings II: Sword of Islam
  • Europa Universalis III
  • Europa Universalis III: Chronicles
  • Europa Universalis IV: Art of War
  • Europa Universalis IV: Cossacks
  • Europa Universalis IV: Wealth of Nations
  • Europa Universalis IV: Call to arms event
  • Europa Universalis III Complete
  • Europa Universalis III Complete
  • Europa Universalis IV: Res Publica
  • 500k Club
  • Europa Universalis IV: El Dorado
  • Europa Universalis IV: Pre-order
  • Europa Universalis IV: Common Sense
I really like the idea of tiered CBs for this. Allies and your vassals get none, fellow vassals of the same realm get an opinion hit and have a low % of getting a CB, increasing opinion hit and % of getting a CB through same culture, same culture group, same religion - different culture, different religion, rivals (I think rival rulers should get a guaranteed CB should you cross their lands).

This could represent the likelihood of your leaders and soldiers behaving themselves and/or respecting the towns and villages of the province they are moving through. Heretic armies should maybe get a higher mark, and possibly also armies belonging to the wrong government type. (You could imagine an independent duke's apprehension of a large, republican army approaching his territory, whatever their stated purpose)
 
Last edited by a moderator:

Swxpert

First Lieutenant
77 Badges
Aug 7, 2012
218
4
  • Europa Universalis IV: Res Publica
  • Knights of Honor
  • War of the Vikings
  • Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness
  • Victoria 2: A House Divided
  • Sword of the Stars
  • Sengoku
  • Semper Fi
  • Victoria: Revolutions
  • A Game of Dwarves
  • March of the Eagles
  • King Arthur II
  • Hearts of Iron III Collection
  • Hearts of Iron III: Their Finest Hour
  • Hearts of Iron III
  • For the Motherland
  • Europa Universalis IV: Wealth of Nations
  • Ancient Space
  • Crusader Kings II
  • Crusader Kings II: Charlemagne
  • Crusader Kings II: Legacy of Rome
  • Crusader Kings II: The Old Gods
  • Crusader Kings II: Rajas of India
  • Crusader Kings II: The Republic
  • Crusader Kings II: Sons of Abraham
  • Europa Universalis IV: Call to arms event
  • Crusader Kings II: Sword of Islam
  • Commander: Conquest of the Americas
  • Europa Universalis III Complete
  • Europa Universalis IV: Conquest of Paradise
  • Crusader Kings II: Sunset Invasion
  • Crusader Kings II: Conclave
  • Crusader Kings II: Monks and Mystics
  • Stellaris: Leviathans Story Pack
  • Stellaris: Digital Anniversary Edition
  • Tyranny: Gold Edition
  • Stellaris: Nemesis
  • Tyranny: Archon Edition
  • Crusader Kings II: Reapers Due
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Cadet
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris
  • Crusader Kings II: Horse Lords
  • Crusader Kings II: Way of Life
  • 500k Club
  • War of the Roses
  • Europa Universalis IV
  • Victoria 2
  • Europa Universalis III Complete
I was thinking more 'opinion points', for example:

Give Military access +40
No military access -40*

*The consequence of marching your armies regardless of non-given access, the land owner could get a temporary CB for a year!

I agree with this right here, it has irked me since the beginning that anyone could do this unchallenged. And what do you mean there was no border control, you better believe that giant fleets were noticed and reported. even if you want to argue that there was no border "control" all that would mean is that they could physically do that it does not mean they could march from county to county without incurring the wrath of the local ruler, I think that it should be represented by an opinion decrease if you don't have an alliance. Perhaps also a broke treaty if you march through the lands of the last person you were fighting, because you better believe that no realistic ruler would simply forget that even though there was a treaty in place, seeing 10000 soldiers show up on his doorstep from the land he just got done fighting would make him really upset.
 

Bob_the_Insane

First Lieutenant
61 Badges
Oct 23, 2003
222
75
  • Crusader Kings Complete
  • Crusader Kings II: Horse Lords
  • Crusader Kings II: Conclave
  • Stellaris
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Crusader Kings II: Reapers Due
  • Tyranny: Archon Edition
  • Tyranny: Archon Edition
  • Stellaris: Digital Anniversary Edition
  • Stellaris: Leviathans Story Pack
  • Stellaris - Path to Destruction bundle
  • Steel Division: Normandy 44
  • Pillars of Eternity
  • BATTLETECH
  • Stellaris: Synthetic Dawn
  • Steel Division: Normand 44 - Second Wave
  • Stellaris: Humanoids Species Pack
  • Stellaris: Apocalypse
  • Steel Division: Normandy 44 -  Back to Hell
  • BATTLETECH - Beta Backer
  • BATTLETECH - Backer
  • Stellaris: Distant Stars
  • Shadowrun Returns
  • Shadowrun: Dragonfall
  • Stellaris: Nemesis
  • Hearts of Iron III
  • Crusader Kings II: Charlemagne
  • Crusader Kings II: Legacy of Rome
  • Crusader Kings II: The Old Gods
  • Crusader Kings II: Rajas of India
  • Crusader Kings II: The Republic
  • Crusader Kings II: Sons of Abraham
  • Crusader Kings II: Sword of Islam
  • Europa Universalis III
  • Europa Universalis III: Chronicles
  • Divine Wind
  • Europa Universalis IV
  • Europa Universalis IV: Call to arms event
  • Crusader Kings II
  • Heir to the Throne
  • Victoria: Revolutions
  • Rome Gold
  • Sword of the Stars II
  • Victoria 2
  • Victoria 2: A House Divided
  • Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness
  • Rome: Vae Victis
  • 500k Club
  • Crusader Kings II: Holy Knight (pre-order)
This sounds like a simple and effective abstraction. March across a lords lands (outside your vassals) and it grants that lord a negative opinion of you. Possibly the higher in the food chain the higher the negative impact (i.e. you cross into a foreign Empire, the Emperor gets a -5 opinion modifier, the King -10, Duke -15, Count -20). So you can get a whole host of people annoyed at you for marching across their lands. It could produce some interesting effects for the AI, in inter-realm warfare as counts and dukes fight over claims they might cross their fellow vassal's lands annoying them as well... This could be suspended for Allies (and thus would include Crusaders as most rulers join a Crusade)...
 

STGeorge

Major
33 Badges
Jul 6, 2001
605
106
  • Crusader Kings II: Way of Life
  • Victoria 2
  • Victoria 2: A House Divided
  • Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness
  • Rome: Vae Victis
  • War of the Roses
  • 500k Club
  • Crusader Kings II: Holy Knight (pre-order)
  • Europa Universalis IV: Pre-order
  • Rome Gold
  • Stellaris
  • Stellaris Sign-up
  • Steel Division: Normandy 44
  • Crusader Kings Complete
  • Steel Division: Normand 44 Sign-up
  • Stellaris: Apocalypse
  • Victoria 3 Sign Up
  • Crusader Kings II
  • Europa Universalis: Rome
  • Victoria: Revolutions
  • Europa Universalis IV: Res Publica
  • Heir to the Throne
  • Europa Universalis IV: Wealth of Nations
  • Europa Universalis IV: Conquest of Paradise
  • Europa Universalis IV: Art of War
  • Europa Universalis IV
  • Divine Wind
  • Europa Universalis III: Chronicles
  • Europa Universalis III
  • Crusader Kings II: Sword of Islam
  • Crusader Kings II: The Republic
  • Crusader Kings II: The Old Gods
  • Crusader Kings II: Legacy of Rome
Something definitely needs to be done....playing lastnight in our MP game, my neighbour (and rival) used my lands as a bridge for his conquest....with me powerless to stop him short of the lengthy FC, and then declaring war. By that time of course his armies have moved on. :(
 

Spartanlemur

The Bad Guy
111 Badges
Apr 20, 2012
2.988
5.583
  • Semper Fi
  • Hearts of Iron III
  • Heir to the Throne
  • King Arthur II
  • A Game of Dwarves
  • Magicka
  • Majesty 2 Collection
  • March of the Eagles
  • Europa Universalis IV: Res Publica
  • Rome Gold
  • Europa Universalis IV: Common Sense
  • Sengoku
  • Supreme Ruler: Cold War
  • Victoria 2: A House Divided
  • Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness
  • Rome: Vae Victis
  • Warlock: Master of the Arcane
  • Humble Paradox Bundle
  • Europa Universalis IV: Pre-order
  • Pillars of Eternity
  • Darkest Hour
  • Crusader Kings II: Legacy of Rome
  • Crusader Kings II: The Old Gods
  • Crusader Kings II: Rajas of India
  • Crusader Kings II: The Republic
  • Crusader Kings II: Sons of Abraham
  • Crusader Kings II: Charlemagne
  • Gettysburg
  • Crusader Kings II: Sunset Invasion
  • Crusader Kings II: Sword of Islam
  • Commander: Conquest of the Americas
  • Europa Universalis III Complete
  • Divine Wind
  • Europa Universalis IV: Art of War
  • Europa Universalis IV: Conquest of Paradise
  • Europa Universalis IV: Wealth of Nations
  • Crusader Kings II
  • Teleglitch: Die More Edition
  • Pride of Nations
  • Mount & Blade: Warband
  • Mount & Blade: With Fire and Sword
  • Crusader Kings II: Way of Life
  • Europa Universalis IV: El Dorado
  • 500k Club
  • War of the Roses
  • Victoria 2
  • Crusader Kings II: Horse Lords
  • Europa Universalis III Complete
  • Europa Universalis IV
  • Europa Universalis III Complete
Something definitely needs to be done....playing lastnight in our MP game, my neighbour (and rival) used my lands as a bridge for his conquest....with me powerless to stop him short of the lengthy FC, and then declaring war. By that time of course his armies have moved on. :(

You've reminded me of one of those shocking moments in the game where you're powerless to do something which you probably should be able to. I'd certainly like more power where this is concerned - I very much hope the previously described casus belli systems get added in.
 

Grubnessul

Your Friendly Dictator Next Door
76 Badges
Dec 17, 2006
6.000
559
  • Magicka 2 - Signup Campaign
  • Victoria 2: A House Divided
  • Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness
  • Rome: Vae Victis
  • Warlock: Master of the Arcane
  • 500k Club
  • Europa Universalis III: Collection
  • Europa Universalis IV: El Dorado
  • Europa Universalis IV: Pre-order
  • Magicka: Wizard Wars Founder Wizard
  • Mount & Blade: Warband
  • Mount & Blade: With Fire and Sword
  • Crusader Kings II: Way of Life
  • Victoria 2
  • Europa Universalis IV: Common Sense
  • Crusader Kings II: Horse Lords
  • Europa Universalis IV: Cossacks
  • Crusader Kings II: Conclave
  • Europa Universalis IV: Mare Nostrum
  • Stellaris
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Crusader Kings II: Reapers Due
  • Europa Universalis IV: Rights of Man
  • Victoria 3 Sign Up
  • Europa Universalis IV: Art of War
  • Crusader Kings II: Legacy of Rome
  • Crusader Kings II: The Old Gods
  • Crusader Kings II: Rajas of India
  • Crusader Kings II: The Republic
  • Crusader Kings II: Sons of Abraham
  • Crusader Kings II: Sunset Invasion
  • Crusader Kings II: Sword of Islam
  • Deus Vult
  • Diplomacy
  • Europa Universalis III
  • Divine Wind
  • Europa Universalis IV
  • Crusader Kings II
  • Europa Universalis IV: Conquest of Paradise
  • Europa Universalis IV: Wealth of Nations
  • Europa Universalis IV: Call to arms event
  • Heir to the Throne
  • Europa Universalis III Complete
  • Magicka
  • Majesty 2
  • Europa Universalis III Complete
  • Europa Universalis IV: Res Publica
  • Europa Universalis: Rome
Something definitely needs to be done....playing lastnight in our MP game, my neighbour (and rival) used my lands as a bridge for his conquest....with me powerless to stop him short of the lengthy FC, and then declaring war. By that time of course his armies have moved on. :(
Couldn't you offer to join the war against your neighbour?
 

Swxpert

First Lieutenant
77 Badges
Aug 7, 2012
218
4
  • Europa Universalis IV: Res Publica
  • Knights of Honor
  • War of the Vikings
  • Victoria 2: Heart of Darkness
  • Victoria 2: A House Divided
  • Sword of the Stars
  • Sengoku
  • Semper Fi
  • Victoria: Revolutions
  • A Game of Dwarves
  • March of the Eagles
  • King Arthur II
  • Hearts of Iron III Collection
  • Hearts of Iron III: Their Finest Hour
  • Hearts of Iron III
  • For the Motherland
  • Europa Universalis IV: Wealth of Nations
  • Ancient Space
  • Crusader Kings II
  • Crusader Kings II: Charlemagne
  • Crusader Kings II: Legacy of Rome
  • Crusader Kings II: The Old Gods
  • Crusader Kings II: Rajas of India
  • Crusader Kings II: The Republic
  • Crusader Kings II: Sons of Abraham
  • Europa Universalis IV: Call to arms event
  • Crusader Kings II: Sword of Islam
  • Commander: Conquest of the Americas
  • Europa Universalis III Complete
  • Europa Universalis IV: Conquest of Paradise
  • Crusader Kings II: Sunset Invasion
  • Crusader Kings II: Conclave
  • Crusader Kings II: Monks and Mystics
  • Stellaris: Leviathans Story Pack
  • Stellaris: Digital Anniversary Edition
  • Tyranny: Gold Edition
  • Stellaris: Nemesis
  • Tyranny: Archon Edition
  • Crusader Kings II: Reapers Due
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Cadet
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Stellaris
  • Crusader Kings II: Horse Lords
  • Crusader Kings II: Way of Life
  • 500k Club
  • War of the Roses
  • Europa Universalis IV
  • Victoria 2
  • Europa Universalis III Complete
Another thought I had was; Even if you can justify to me that rulers would not be get mad by moving huge armies all over their land, there is no way you can say they would not get mad by two armies actually fighting on their land. I wonder how the hunred years war would have gone if the french and english had battles that spilled over into german lands on a frequent basis?
 

unmerged(601350)

Corporal
1 Badges
Nov 18, 2012
25
0
  • Crusader Kings II
Concern over passing your armies over foreign territory is a modern issue, in the Medieval world there was no concept of violating territorial rights by having an army pass by. Indeed, sometimes armies helped local economies by buying and selling goods. Sometimes, however, they were a pain and raided and stole goods. When various crusading armies arrived outside the gates of Constantinople, it took Emperor Alexios a good deal of diplomacy to keep them happy and have them move on peacefully, but I have never read anything that suggests that the crusaders were legally in the wrong for passing through. Contrasting the Fourth Crusade and the First is pretty interesting in this regard, as in the Fourth Crusade the crusaders were not kept happy and they ended up sacking Constantinople.

On the flip side, however, an army passing through offers interesting possibilities for the land owner. The most costly part of the First Crusade for the crusaders was marching through Turkey and being constantly harassed by local raiders. Furthermore, King Richard the Lionheart was kidnapped and ransomed while passing through Austria.

So as far as Crusader King II is concerned, while I am not a very big fan of the idea of exchanging military access as state diplomacy, it would be cool is the local lords and marching army had more options and issues to deal with. Perhaps is the army commander and landowner get along, there is a small temporary economic boost. If the two don't get along, the land owner faces economic loss due to raiding. Maybe while the army is passing through your lands, you get a temporary causus belli which goes away when the army leaves. Armies should pass more slowly though unfriendly territories and suffer more losses in transit.
 

TheChronoMaster

King of the Underdogs
117 Badges
Feb 2, 2011
2.382
709
  • Cities: Skylines
  • Europa Universalis III Complete
  • Deus Vult
  • BATTLETECH: Flashpoint
  • Stellaris: Megacorp
  • Imperator: Rome
  • Crusader Kings II: Horse Lords
  • Crusader Kings II: Monks and Mystics
  • Crusader Kings II: Conclave
  • Europa Universalis IV: Mandate of Heaven
  • BATTLETECH
  • Europa Universalis IV: Common Sense
  • Crusader Kings II: Way of Life
  • Mount & Blade: With Fire and Sword
  • Mount & Blade: Warband
  • Pride of Nations
  • 500k Club
  • Stellaris
  • Stellaris: Galaxy Edition
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Death or Dishonor
  • Hearts of Iron IV Sign-up
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Cadet
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Colonel
  • Europa Universalis IV: Rights of Man
  • Tyranny: Archon Edition
  • Stellaris: Digital Anniversary Edition
  • Stellaris: Leviathans Story Pack
  • Cities: Skylines - Natural Disasters
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Together for Victory
  • Stellaris: Apocalypse
  • Europa Universalis IV: Dharma
  • Stellaris: Distant Stars
  • Cities: Skylines - Parklife
  • Cities: Skylines - Parklife Pre-Order
  • BATTLETECH - Backer
  • BATTLETECH - Beta Backer
  • Europa Universalis IV: Rule Britannia
  • Stellaris: Necroids
  • Crusader Kings II: Holy Fury
  • Shadowrun: Hong Kong
  • Europa Universalis IV: El Dorado
  • Europa Universalis III Complete
  • Europa Universalis III Complete
  • Cities: Skylines - Mass Transit
  • Stellaris: Synthetic Dawn
  • Victoria 2
  • Stellaris: Humanoids Species Pack
  • Hearts of Iron IV: Expansion Pass
  • Tyranny - Bastards Wound
  • Shadowrun Returns
I think that a good system would be, for every month or so an army is in a county, a growing negative economic penalty would stack up -- at a certain 'tipping point', the local forces would become hostile to those crossing their lands, despite no declared war.


Alternatively, some sort of passive tax put on the crossing force's liege as reparations for pillaging. Dunno how historical that is, but it'd require minimal changes, I think, and would add economic incentive to avoid foreign lands with your army.
 

ikaguia

Private
2 Badges
Feb 22, 2011
15
0
  • Mount & Blade: Warband
  • Mount & Blade: With Fire and Sword
what if the ruler just got an event, where they could choose to ignore, or become "hostile" to the armies passing trought their lands, just like you get hostile to any rebel whose liege you've declared war to?
 

Divi

Colonel
56 Badges
Aug 12, 2005
970
35
  • Crusader Kings II: Monks and Mystics
  • Crusader Kings II: Way of Life
  • Europa Universalis IV: Common Sense
  • Crusader Kings II: Horse Lords
  • Europa Universalis IV: Cossacks
  • Crusader Kings II: Conclave
  • Europa Universalis IV: Mare Nostrum
  • Stellaris
  • Crusader Kings II: Reapers Due
  • Europa Universalis IV: Rights of Man
  • Tyranny: Archon Edition
  • Stellaris: Digital Anniversary Edition
  • Stellaris: Leviathans Story Pack
  • Mount & Blade: Warband
  • Stellaris - Path to Destruction bundle
  • Europa Universalis IV: Mandate of Heaven
  • Stellaris: Synthetic Dawn
  • Age of Wonders III
  • Crusader Kings II: Jade Dragon
  • Stellaris: Humanoids Species Pack
  • Stellaris: Apocalypse
  • Europa Universalis IV: Rule Britannia
  • Stellaris: Distant Stars
  • Europa Universalis IV: Dharma
  • Stellaris: Megacorp
  • Stellaris: Necroids
  • Europa Universalis IV
  • Crusader Kings II
  • Crusader Kings II: Charlemagne
  • Crusader Kings II: Legacy of Rome
  • Crusader Kings II: The Old Gods
  • Crusader Kings II: Rajas of India
  • Crusader Kings II: The Republic
  • Crusader Kings II: Sons of Abraham
  • Crusader Kings II: Sunset Invasion
  • Crusader Kings II: Sword of Islam
  • Europa Universalis III
  • Europa Universalis III: Chronicles
  • Europa Universalis III Complete
  • Cities in Motion
  • Europa Universalis IV: Art of War
  • Europa Universalis IV: Conquest of Paradise
  • Europa Universalis IV: Wealth of Nations
  • Europa Universalis IV: Call to arms event
  • Europa Universalis III Complete
  • Europa Universalis III Complete
  • Europa Universalis IV: Res Publica
  • Semper Fi
  • Victoria 2
  • 500k Club
It's funny how people nowadays can't imagine the world some 900 years ago... nationalism and our "instant" way of living really stuck to people.

Anyway, answering the OP, yes, it is slightly annoying. And no, there shouldn't be a mechanism to stop it. It simulates pretty well how it went (except, of course, for the pillaging. that would be very annoying; but, sadly, it isn't there). Yes, people asked for permission from time to time: because they didn't want to upset a powerful friend or two. Mostly they just went ahead and crossed borders at will. And, think about it. This era was all about feudal power. Communication was slow and unreliable. Some people replied in here like the Emperor would know immediatly, via tweet or something, if a french doomstack was entering his territory... these armies moved as fast as the messengers. And what would a feudal lord do to stop them? Arm the 1000 peasants he had at hand? Of course not. If much, he'd try to reason with the crossing army not to pillage... too much.
Remember CK2 takes place from 1066-1399 or something. The world was a different place back then.

A medieval army typically moves a handful miles a day at most unless it's purely cavalry. A messenger with a good relay network could cross tens of miles to a hundred a day and will vastly outrun any army, even a pure cavalry host, unless the distance is short.

That said, the concern over armies passing through as a violation of sovereignty could happen, it could easily annoy rulers especially if they lingered on, but it wasn't like in the modern day.
 

unmerged(47028)

Field Marshal
Aug 1, 2005
3.771
2
You are right I think. I have checked the Battle of Grunwald. Lithuanian-Polish army was moving 20-30 km a day.
 

Zireael

General
7 Badges
Apr 10, 2012
2.288
6
  • Crusader Kings II
  • Crusader Kings II: The Old Gods
  • Crusader Kings II: Sword of Islam
  • Dungeonland
  • Warlock: Master of the Arcane
  • 500k Club
  • Crusader Kings II: Horse Lords
what if the ruler just got an event, where they could choose to ignore, or become "hostile" to the armies passing trought their lands, just like you get hostile to any rebel whose liege you've declared war to?

This is not a bad idea.

Passive tax isn't a bad idea either.
 

Alerias

Field Marshal
7 Badges
Aug 10, 2002
7.087
402
  • Crusader Kings II
  • Europa Universalis III
  • Europa Universalis III: Chronicles
  • Europa Universalis IV
  • Victoria 2
  • 500k Club
  • Age of Wonders III
It's even more aggravating when a doom stack crosses the county your retinue sits in and causes attrition to it.

Unless you're in Russia or something, the best place for your retinue is always onboard demesne ships. That gives them maximum mobility, absolute protection from damage, and extended warranty against accidental disband.