The German downfall, part II
As March entered her second week the Allies prepared for the last great offensives of the war. The first offensive would happen in the east.
Field Marshal Erich von Manstein was the German commander of East-Prussia and he had been able to defeat several Soviet attacks upon Köningsberg since the Soviet declaration of war on the 8th of January, but in late February the pressure of the Soviet manpower had forced Manstein to retreat with his forces to Elbing. But with Soviet forces already close to the city von Manstein’s retreat from the city without being captured by the Soviets was seen as the work of a genius. To Stalins’s great anger von Manstein had managed to reach Danzig with his army and rumours now had it that the old Field Marshal had started negotiations with the Allies to hand the Danzig region to the Allies instead of loosing it to the Soviets.
German Field Marshal Erich von Manstein entered into secret negotiations with the Allies upon the future of Danzig
British commander General Ismay didn’t reject von Manstein's proposal, but under political pressure he had to answer that the Allies couldn’t take the city unopposed. It was feared what Stalin would do if the Allies were seen dealing with the Germans. Instead Ismay and von Manstein made a secret agreement, the Allies would attack and von Manstein would only oppose them with his small Italian regiment. The Italians had been pressed into service by the Germans in 1941, but after the fall of their country they had been very reluctant to fight and both Ismay and von Manstein knew they would surrender upon their first possibility. This would insure that few casualties were inflicted on both sides, the surrender of von Manstein and Danzig into Allied hands, but it didn’t happen without a fight and therefore gave Stalin no reason to object to it.
On the 10th of March Ismay started his “attack” on Danzig. Only the Italians offered any resistance, but they soon surrendered. This made it possible for Ismay’s British and Norwegian armoured divisions to move quickly into Danzig, the first division to enter the city was the Norwegian 1.Panserdivisjon, and when the Norwegian commander, General Laake entered the city he soon faced von Manstein and accepted the German Field Marshal’s surrender.
The battle for Danzig ended quickly as Ismay and von Manstein had already made a secret deal upon the future of the city and von Manstein’s forces.
Due to von Manstein’s surrender also the Bydgoszcz region was found undefended and the French armoured divisions that had participated in the war in German since Operation Svolder saw a possibility to secure more Polish land from the Soviets and moving quickly forward the French armoured managed to secure the region before the Soviet arrive. It also became the first Allied unit to meet the Red Army outside of Lodz. Also to the north the Allies soon faced the Red Army outside of Elbing. The meetings between the soldiers on the ground were happy as the men celebrated the end of the war, but they were also suspicious against each other. Especially the commanders of the forces showed that they had a certain dislike for the other side. Still the end of the war and the defeat of the Germans seemed more important that the two sides disliking each other, and mainly the celebrations were happy and the men showed friendly neutrality to each other.
British and Soviet forces meeting outside of Elbing on the 15th of March 1942
As the war in the east had ended the French were doing their best to end the war in the west. The Germans had just two provinces left in the west, Luxembourg and Metz, and General Gamelin of the French High Command had decided to attack both German positions at once. The attacks were planned for the 11th of March and all in all Gamlin could field 70 Allied divisions against 13 German divisions. As the main German headquarters in the west was located in Metz that was where Gamlin would launch his main attack with 41 Allied divisions, mainly French but also some Dutch, Belgian and British divisions would participate. In Luxembourg the German garrison was known to the smaller and therefore only 29 Allied divisions were sent into battle here. Also in Luxembourg the main forces were French, but it also included Dutch, Norwegian, British and a division made up of people from Luxembourg.
In Metz the overall commander of all German forces in the west Field Marshal von Bock had no plan of doing any deals with the Allies, the was not under pressure from the Soviets and he had decided not to agree to the Allied proposal to surrender without a fight. Von Bock was determined to fight. But Gamelin was happy when he understood that the Germans wanted to fight. Gamlin hated Germans for what they had done to his country twice and was known to have said: “If we can kill Germans instead of taking them prisoners, then we have done well. A dead German is a good German!”
So on the morning of the 11th of March an enormous barrage fired upon the German positions outside of Luxembourg and Metz. For hours the Allied artillery and air force fired upon the German positions. In Luxembourg the French commander, General Huntziger sent his forces forward after four hours of artillery fire. The Germans fought well, but during the next day it became clear that the Allied manpower was too large for the Germans to stop the Allies from advancing. During the next days the Allies moved forward and on the 16th of March the Luxembourg divisions reach Luxembourg and liberated the city as the Germans pulled back towards Metz.
To the south in the Metz region the last main battle on the western front was fought. Here the soldiers weren’t sent forward at all during the 11th they just sat still waiting while the Allied artillery and air force fired upon the Germans, this fire continue until the 12th of March and it was first at 8AM on the 12th of March, after over 24 hours of fired upon the German positions that the Allied soldiers moved forward. The Germans were entrenched in the fortifications, and they fought for long against the Allies, but the Allies moved slowly forward. The battle continued for days, but on the 17th of Mach von Bock seeing that the German defences had fallen and that they were surrounded and in the process of being destroyed he agreed to the Allied proposal of surrender. The war in the west had ended and thousands of Germans were marched into prisoner of war camps.
German prisoners of war being marched into captivity
By the 20th of March all German resistance had ended both in the west and the east and only one region remained under German control. The German leadership was known to still be in Munich and that city was the last objective for the Allies in the war. Slovakia had been captured by the Soviets and the Red Army was also moving into Hungary, but because of Montgomery’s distrust of the Soviets he had ordered British armoured divisions to enter Budapest and western Hungary before the Soviets could arrive there. Budapest was reached by the 20th and also Hungary was divided between the Allies and the Soviets, but Hungary was of little importance, it was just one important objective left and that was Munich. Mustering more and more forces around Bavaria the Allies were soon ready for the last offensive of the war.