Teg, what you describe are catastrohpic hits, caused by design faults and/or one-in-a-million-hits, causing an immediate ship loss. There were extremely rare-
Critical hits were far mor ecommon than the examples above. I'd consider critical hits to be something causing a loss of speed (hit in machinery space or lots of water pouring-in) , disabling/destroying main armament or disabling c&c. Those hits do not immediatly cause a ship loss but make them easier targets if the enemy is still present.
Scharnhorst was close to escaping the pursuiers but had an unlucky hit in machinery space, reducing speed, and was catched/sunk.
PoW was hit in prop or prop shaft and the resulting major vibrations caused major leaks and loss of propulsion and power, Bismarck was also crippled by such a hit (loss of steering, spees halved)
SMS Lützow had a torpedo hit in the forward torpedo station which caused a major influx of water. It tried to limp home bud had to be given up. SMS Seydlitz was hit in a similar area but was able to limp home, had to steam rearwards to reduce pressure on forward bulkheads.
Yorktown took critical hits during Midway, but damage was somewhat sustainable/repairable. But then a japanese sub came across and sent some torps out.