Doppelgänger: the Untold Story of the Third Reich
Fall Schneesturm: Week 6 (February 12th to 18th 1944)
The new week began extremely well, General Kullmer and 221.ID not only halting the quarter of million Russians assaulting
Kharkov but making sure that nearly 6,000 of them will never return. (Oppenländer's win in
Konstatinovsk hardly rated a mention: the enemy fled too quickly to suffer anything but negligible casualties.) Despite the continuous drain on its manpower reserves, the Red Army was still able to throw another 100,000 men at
Krasnopillya, putting considerable pressure on General von Vaerst. It is not likely to end as well as the battle for
Kharkov.
Nor is von Lengercke's dawn attack on
Kirisi. Not that the defending Proletarians will do a lot of damage to our two infantry divisions, just that the terrain and the muddy conditions will prevent us getting to grips with the enemy, and, in the event of victory, slow our advance so as to allow the Russians to re-occupy the province before us. The international brigade in
Trubchevsk did not have the luxury of a swamp to slow down our troops, and with only three casualties von Kleist was crowing about his victory.
Kivsharivka, another of those river crossings that have bedevilled the Heer in both the west and the east, was the next disaster to hit. The day was going well until that report came in, three victories, minimal losses and a good return. All that was to no avail. 11,000 dead in a single battle tends to dominate a day's results. It could all be put down to the inability to get enough firepower on the opposing side of the river. Blame was already being shunted from the Heer to the Luftwaffe, and it was poor timing for this day to see the lowest number of bombing missions for weeks. Nevertheless, the blame shifting did not affect my view: it had been a suicide mission from the beginning.
Preparing for yet another river crossing: we need to improve our tactics
That sucked the life out our front line headquarters, and strangely the Red Army had nothing to fling at us while we absorbed the impact of the losses: many units were badly shaken. Only the indefatigable Herrlein and 34.ID could steel themselves for combat, and they were only taking on a few thousand NKVD in
Efremovo Stepanovka. The equally reliable Rendulic did his bit as well, filing his victory report from
Pochep just in time to bring some respectability to the day's results.
More helpful to bring the casualty tally back to even was Steiner's mountain expedition in the south Caucasus. The SS and gebirgsjägers co-ordinated well, and the sixty men lost were mainly due to climbing accidents. The three thousand enemy dead may have included some accidental deaths, but most were lost to the deadly close assaults that Steiner favoured. Unfortunately Kriebel, only 70 kilometres away in
Severnoye, had a much more brutal battle against an opponent who refused to concede a metre. The Slovaks were the winners but both sides paid a heavy price. At least Kriebel inflicted more than he lost: in Nelidovo Student paid a premium for victory.
One must look for the positives, however, and it was clear that the morning was a success for us. The Luftwaffe managed eight missions for the day and the Red Army could only mount two attacks, both single armour divisions against significantly more powerful defenders. Meyer has his own kampfgruppe and 334th leichte in
Valky and although General von Edelsheim has his own LVII Pzkorps and Kleinheisterkamp's VII Armeekorps to protect, he has kampfgruppe "Braun" to use to hold
Krolevets. The Heer was not really interested in starting more combat operations, but Oppenländer had little option but to fight when he found a Proletarian division in his way in
Konstatinovsk.
The best news for the day, however, came at the end. The battle for
Krasnopillya, where General von Vaerst and 11.PzD "Geister" had been threatened by more than five times their number, had ended in a surprise victory. Not only that, but the panzertruppen had given the attackers some punishment to remember them by.
Monday was a boring day, and nobody could have been happier than me. There had been a midnight attack on
Kharkov, but Kullmer had the measure of 11th Guards Rifle Division. Ten bombing missions were planned, but little other activity for the whole day.
It was unfortunate for von Edelsheim that the Russians pierced his defences, shattering his headquarters and forcing him to return to
Berlin, but the loss of
Krolevets was not really a severe setback. Our losses there were nearly compensated by victory in
Konstatinovsk. Neither von Sodenstern's attack on
Orlovskiy not Höhne's push back into
Demidov seem to be at all risky, the defenders a pioneer brigade and barely 9,000 remnants respectively. With each of our attacking forces composed of two regular divisions, it would take a very incompetent leader to be defeated.
General von Edelstein takes his leave, escaping from his beleaguered HQ
Most of those events took place well before lunchtime, and will admit that having a presentiment that the day would not require a lot of my attention, I went out and had a long and extremely nutritious lunch. (If by nutritious one means loaded with carbohydrates, animal fats and washed down with some of the best "liberated" French wine and cognac). For some reason I nodded off during the afternoon as I sat in front of warm fire in my rooms at the Reichskanzlei, and when I awoke it was almost 10PM.
A quick check of my desk in the office showed I had not missed much. Another solitary Soviet armour unit located moving into
Bogushevsk, but General Winter was ready and prepared. And Steiner, still in
Cerkessk, was engaging a Proletarian Division. He has no mountain troops with him and I hope he has not decided that "Wiking" is qualified for high altitude fighting on the basis of his earlier victory.
And so to Tuesday, a day beginning with a defeat that took a weight off my shoulders. If there is anything to challenge a river crossing in terms of heavy casualties, it is an attack into marshes. Yet after nearly three days, von Lengercke got out of
Kirisi having lost only a few hundred men. I felt as though he had won a triumph. Add the that the news that Bayerlein's Todt workers had completed their road and rail upgrades in both
Sasnovy Bor and
Minsk and the day was off to a good start. In a week or so those provinces would be able to handle a substantial increase in transport, and there were other provinces where the work gangs were nearly finished.
End of the railway line and fuel is transferred to Wehrmacht Einheitskanister to be transported to the front
Early word of combat was not thrilling, but not too worrying either. Krappe's kampfgruppe is as big as a division, and the Sturmpanzer "Bar" and Marder II regiments make it nearly as powerful as a panzer division. The Proletarians in
Trubchevsk had better watch out. Unfortunately my relief at the end of fighting in
Kirisi was short-lived: it seems that the pause was to allow the leaders of the two divisions to switch command. The attack is back on, the units involved are the same, but now it is Felzmann in command. I hope he is as cautious as was von Lengercke.
General Herrlein as is usual turned in his short but enjoyable report of a well organised demolition of opposing forces, keeping his own losses well below a hundred. With
Efremovo Stepanovka under control, will he look further afield?
He may decide to wait for his supplies to build up. In any case, the focus shifted northwards, a change after so many battles in the Caucasus and southeastern Ukraine. Though
Sudzha, the next scene of fighting, is not that far from either. Ostendorff has given 9th SS Panzer Division "Hohenstauffen" orders to race ahead, certain that the four Proletarian Divisions will not be able to withstand the impact of his tanks and motorised troops. Olbricht, in the real north at
Mitino, is not as exuberant. 5.ID is to conduct a standard attack, even though opposed by nothing more than a couple of regrouped regiments.
Konstatinovsk hardly registered as a battle, but the leaderless administrative troops of 171st Corps headquarters wanted to make a fight of it, so the battle of
Konstatinovsk it is. Oppenländer will be glad of the boost to his record. It remains to be seen if Menny will get an improvement to his record. He must hold
Putyvl with a panzer and an infantry division, both of which are very low on supplies and suffering from lack of rest. Obukhov has two armour divisions and two mechanised brigade, all in good condition, and must be considered to be the favourite.
Homel and
Kalinkavicy were the next provinces to get better transport facilities, as signs that "Schneesturm" has drained the supply stores of the armies at the front, and that these have not been replaced. More and more divisions are pulling back from combat, unable to defend themselves, let alone attack. We must get supply forward or the Red Army will counter-attack and undo all the good work of the past month.
As an example, the attack on
Divnoe is being carried out by the Notfallgruppe, a force created to meet an emergency in the first winter of Barbarossa, and never intended to be used offensively. Now it is supposed to defeat 100,000 Russians! At least von Senger und Etterlin has a full division available to take
Blagordskoye.
Schneesturm is not over though, even though the strain is showing. Steiner won again in
Cerkessk, and while von Bock had to order 12.PzD to retreat from
Kasciukovicy, the Russians lost 6,500 soldiers to achieve that result. A victory usually gets more attention however, and for once my doubts on the wisdom of a reckless assault were shown to be foolish. Ostendorff's strategy in
Sudzha was shown to be the correct approach, the four conscript divisions fleeing as soon as the panzers hit their front line.
Later there was more evidence of troop shortages in the Caucasus. The Italian Alpini are good troops, but have not performed well when operating alone. Now, however, General Reverberi has been sent into
Uchkulan. It is held by a motley collection of conscripts and Soviet allies who will probably not take much to persuade to leave, but I am still nervous. The Russians are not doing too well either: Mishulin has scraped up 30,000 men, but they are remnants of defeated divisions and Andreas is sure 22.ID (mot) can hold
Shostka.
Even after my growing doubts about progress, it is clear we won Wednesday overall, and the battle for Demidov put the cream on the cake. Höhne did well, with an eight to one casualty rate a credit to his men. Can we keep up the good work for a few more days?
Facing men equipped with the deadly accordion, how could the Russians be expected to hold their ground?
Zhlobin was the next province to report road work completed, but I could not be bothered reading Bayerlein's memo. I was more concerned about the growing effectiveness of the VVS in the Caucasus. Losses to Soviet bombing are getting higher, and our fighters sit with empty fuel tanks in
Novorossijsk. Not mention hundreds of idle bombers in
Maikop and
Rostov. A check of transport systems revealed that nobody had bothered to use the port facilities across the Kerch Straits, even though our engineers repaired them some time ago. A few telephone calls and a naval supply link was set up from
Odessa. That should speed up delivery of fuel and ammunition. Why must I have to do everything? Why am I surrounded by incompetents?
Just as I asked myself this question, an alert came in: the headquarters of Guderian's XXVII Panzerarmeekorps was under attack by Soviet armour. Less than an hour later it was confirmed that the staff had lost a third of their number and would have to be reconstituted in
Berlin. Who had allowed Russian tanks to get so close to
Krasnaya Gora? And what was Guderian thinking in getting so close to the front without protection?
Thank goodness there are some dependable leaders like General Rendulic. I can rely on him and 29.ID (mot) to deal with the mechanised infantry moving into
Pochep. Von Arnim is another man of strength, resolutely holding back the Soviet armour in
Kletnja, though division suffered badly. It would be unfair to compare his efforts to those of General Menny, who tried his best but was unable to do anything in the face of empty fuel tanks and ammunition boxes. The loss of
Putyvl is a severe blow to any chance of taking
Kursk, now more than 100km away.
Still Schneesturm refuses to halt:
Bogushevsk was retained, keeping us within 80 kilometres of
Smolensk, and we took
Divnoe, almost halfway across the Caucasus and barely 500km from the Caspian Sea. There are growing signs of strain however, with the only afternoon battle the Soviet attack on
Yampil, spearheaded by three armour divisions. And showing that Stavka is well aware of our weakness, Russian heavy bombers struck
Izobilnoye, destroying fuel and supply stockpiles and damaging transport facilities.
Bombing railways causes real issues
The presence of new or reinvigorated armour units was confirmed on Friday morning, the two divisions leading Shlykov's charge into
Valky showing no signs of lacking tanks or supplies. von Truenfeld however is not so lucky, both "Das Reich" and 334th leichte battered by constant fighting and on the verge of total collapse. We have been warned that defeat is inevitable and that heavy losses may be expected.
There was the next instalment of roadworks finished, in
Rahachow this time, and once again we escaped disaster in
Kirisi, though it did not take von Lengerke to go back and have another try. Several probes went our way, (including Wetzel's impressive success against 100,000 Russians in
Mokryy Gashun, only 220 km from Stalingrad) and the Luftwaffe was back into double figures with its bombing missions program for the day. But still the VVS roamed unhindered over the Caucasus, and hundreds more of our men were killed while their comrades and commanders demanded to know where our fighters were hiding.
Rychogov and his heavy bombers came back twice on Friday, leaving
Izobilnoye almost devoid of supplies and fuel, and then moving on to devastate
Tuguluk. The VVS extended their activities, although the fighter attacks on our bombers in the Caucasus did not cost us many aircraft, the escorts attacked to every kampffliegerkorps proving their worth.
Otherwise the day was routine. Actually better than routine, as von Kleist's victory in
Trubchevsk was a credit to him and his men. As was Rendulic's second win in
Pochep and von Senger und Etterlin's quick end to
Blagordarnoye. Nearly 7,000 enemy killed for less than 300 of our own men lost. Nothing routine about that.
The two "replacement battles" (we have been able to slowly reduce the number of active combats, down to only seven at the moment) could be described as routine. Both
Putyvl and
Podgorenskaya are said by the commanders, Nehring and von Sodenstern, to be already as good as won.
"Schneesturm" may be nearing its end, but it is still producing results. If only the supply trucks could move a little faster, the train gauge conversion advance more quickly.
Finalised Battles for Barbarossa Days 958 to 964 (February 12th to 18th 1944)
Code:
Location (Armee) Result German losses (engaged) Soviet losses (engaged)
Kharkov (AotC) Victory 1,395 (22,883) 5,817 (243,871)
1st Konstatinovsk (RA) Victory Nil (29,670) 34 (29,111)
1st Trubchevsk (PAH) Victory 3 (27,934) 750 (6,695)
Kivsharivka (PAvM) Major Defeat 10,900 (48,259) 1,461 (72,083)
1st Pochep (PAH) Victory 608 (20,264 ) 1,872 (59,486)
1st Cerkessk (AotC) Victory 66 (45,431) 3,156 (41,395)
Severnoye (RA) Victory 2,384 (41,476) 2,641 (13,836)
Neldidovo (LA) Victory 1,678 (59,931) 1,423 (8,417)
Krasnopillya (PAvM) Victory 836 (20,741) 2,359 (109,942)
2nd Konstatinovsk (RA) Victory 8 (29,780) 566 (21,056)
Krolevets (PAvM) Defeat 815 (27,064) 151 (11,276)
Efremovo Stepanovka (RA) Victory 79 (22,991) 1,722 (31,417)
2nd Cerkessk (AotC) Victory 34 (23,791) 351 (31,139)
Kasciukovicy (PAH) Defeat 1,874 (17,481) 6,505 (79,024)
Sudzha (SS-kdo) Victory 40 (18,980) 920 (96,581)
Demidov (PAH) Victory 245 (44,469) 1,974 (9,079)
Kletnja (PAH) Victory 3,348 (20,795) 4,132 (73,544)
Putyvl (AotP) Defeat 3,272 (44,204) 1,225 (33,519)
Bogushevsk (RA) Victory 808 (22,478) 1,205 (10,684)
Divnoe (RA) Victory 1,252 (31,985) 1,175 (102,949)
Kirisi (LA) Defeat 2,139 (42,674) 88 (25,194)
2nd Trubchevsk (PAH) Victory 41 (48,964) 3,668 (30,962)
2nd Pochep (PAH) Victory 122 (20,519) 1,108 (7,773)
Blagodarnoye (RA) Victory 128 (22,984) 2,118 (38,356)
Total 19/5 32,075 46,421
Probe
Code:
Location (Armee) Attacker Result German casualties Soviet casualties
Orlovskiy x 3 (RA) German Victory Nil, 22, 7 (29) 207, 10, 22 (239)
Novaya Ladoga x 6 (LA) German Defeat 43, 347, 57, 14, 99, 59 (619) Nil, Nil, Nil, 1, Nil, 1 (2)
Kramatorsk x 4 (SS-kdo) Soviet Defeat 4, 1, 59, 40 (104) 7, 208, 180, 70 (465)
Kharkov (AotC) Soviet Defeat 107 768
Lyssytchansk x 3 (RA) Soviet Defeat Nil, Nil, 4 (4) 143, 128, 328 (599)
Osinovets x 6 (LA) Soviet Defeat Nil, Nil, 1, Nil, Nil, 1 (2) 492, 226, 112, 204, 26, 254 (1,314)
Uralan (AotC) German Victory 49 609
Komsomolske (PAvM) Soviet Defeat Nil 266
Izyum x 2 (PAvM) Soviet Defeat 1, 13 (14) 100, 32 (132)
Shostka (PAH) Soviet Victory 25 24
Vitsyebsk (PAH) Soviet Defeat Nil 32
Pochep (PAH) Soviet Defeat 39 178
Tetkino (PAH) Soviet Defeat Nil 32
Krolevets (PAvM) German Victory 14 1
Vitsyebsk (PAH) Soviet Defeat 160 11
Krychaw x 2 (PAH) Soviet Defeat 4, 2 (6) 179, 33 (212)
Kletnja (PAH) Soviet Defeat 2 37
Mokryy Gashun (RA) German Victory 90 1,453
Krasny Manych (RA) German Victory 66 769
Nelidovo (LA) German Victory Nil 282
Klintsy (AotP) Soviet Victory 17 Nil
Total 1,347 7,425
Bombing Summary for Barbarossa Days 958 to 964 (February 12th to 18th 1944)
Luftwaffe
Code:
Location (Armee) Commander Air units Casualties
Orlovskiy (RA) von Richthofen V Kfk 90
Borisovka (SS-kdo) Peltz VI Skfk 171, 210, 62, 218, 216, 50 (927)
Borisovka (PAvM) Keller VIII Kfk 162, 267 (429)
Belgorod (SS-kdo) Peltz VI Skfk 254, 222 (476)
Nelidovo (LA) Lörzer III Skfk 180, 109 (289)
Sudzha (PAvM) Keller VIII Kfk 303, 312 (615)
Cerkessk (RA) von Richthofen V Kfk 234
Kesselring II Skfk 146
Severnoye (RA) Kesselring + Grauert II Skfk + IX Kfk 414
Kirisi (LA) Förster VII Skfk 127, 129, 47, 130, 67, 143, 37, 133, 34, 141, 75, 128 (1,191)
Efremovo Stepanovka (RA) von Richthofen V Kfk 102, 197, 199 (498)
Kesselring II Skfk 212
Konstatinovsk ((RA) Kesselring II Skfk 227
Rechitza (PAH) Pflugbeil Esc. Azul 33, 60 (93)
Rechitza (AotP) Korten VII Kfk 134, 188 (322)
Divnoe (RA) Grauert IX Kfk 246, 124 (370)
von Richthofen V Kfk 219, 415 (634)
Rylsk (PAvM) Keller VIII Kfk 323, 356 (679)
Hlukhiv (PAvM) Keller VIII Kfk 262, 353 (615)
Uchkulan (RA) Grauert IX Kfk 184, 182 (366)
Blagodarnoye (RA) Kesselring II Skfk 208, 60 (268)
Mokryy Gashan (RA) Von Richthofen V Kfk 315, 62 (377)
Total 9,472
VVS
Code:
Mikoyan Shahar Shcherbakov + Skripko 205, 201 + 177, 146 ShAD 40, 47, 36, 40, 51, 7 (221)
Vassiliev 11,10 ShAD 4, 13 (17)
Sokhumi Skripko 177, 146 ShAD 21
Shripko + Vassiliev + Shcherbakov 177, 146 + 11, 10 + 205, 201 ShAD 23, 13, 21, 10, 20, 33, 59 (179)
Total 438
Unternehmen Barbarossa Days 958 to 964 (February 12th to 18th 1944)
Code:
Nationality Ground Losses Bombing Losses Total
German 32,075 + 1,347 = 33,422 438 33,860
Soviet 46,421 + 7,425 = 53,846 9,472 63,318
Barbarossa at midnight 11th February 1944
Leningrad Armee (Paulus)
Objectives: Tihvin, Demjansk
Victories: Nelidovo
Defeats: Kirisi
Mitino (Plains): -8.3 degrees, Frozen 25.2%
Olbricht (Asault): 5.ID
Shemyenkov (Defend): Red Army remnants, Proletarian Division
Regular infantry with plentiful supply never have much difficulty in defeating conscripts
Moskva Armee (List)
Objectives: Liezna, Vitsyebsk, Smolensk, Demidov
Victories: Nil
Defeats: Nil
With all the fighting List's men have had to do recently, plus the revolts to the rear, a few days' relaxation are not to be sniffed at. (11/2)
Another week's rest is probably enough, especially as supply is beginning to stabilise
Panzerarmee Hoth (Hoth)
Objectives: Bryansk, Kaluga
Victories: 1st and 2nd Trubchevsk, 1st and 2nd Pochep, Demidov, Kletnja
Defeats: Kasciukovicy
Putyvl (Plains): 2.2 degrees, Mud 51.6%
Nehring (Masterful Blitz): 2.PzD "Wiener"
Zhirov (Defend): 21st, 6th Mechanised Brigades
Tanks versus half-tracks is proving to be a winner for Nehring
Shostka (Plains): 2.0 degrees, Mud 74.0%
Mishulin (Shock) (nullified): Red Army remnants
Andreas (Ambush): 22.ID (mot)
Mishulin's attempt to use human waves to overwhelm our troops has failed dismally
3rd Panzerarmee (Stumme)
Objectives: Bryansk, Orel
Victories: Nil
Defeats: Nil
Yampil (Plains): 2.0 degrees, Mud 84%
Fyodorov (Assault): 49th, 24th, 10th Tankovaya, 41st Rifle Division, 3rd Guards MC8, I Cuerpo Internacional
Krappe (Defend): Kampfgruppe "Krappe", 60.ID (mot)
Krappe is under real pressure, but is not yet ready to give up
Armee of the Pripyat (Dollman)
Objectives: Kyiv, Orel
Victories: Klintsy, 2nd Mglin
Defeat: Hlukhiv
It is Dollman's turn to experience supply issues. (21/1)
Supply is flowing, but intermittently (28/1)
The partisan blockade to the west is still holding up operations (4/2)
The supply hold ups have halted both Stumme and Dollman, but word from the security commanders is that the main elements of the partisan uprising have been crushed and mopping up is underway. (11/2)
Dollman's men are on the move and should engage the enemy soon
Panzerarmee von Manstein (von Manstein)
Objective: Kursk, Voronezh
Victories: Krasnopillya
Defeats: Kivsharivka, Krolevets
A short time to aborb the losses of the past week and to refuel and re-arm is probably a good thing
SS Kdo (Hausser)
Objectives: Kharkov, Belgorod
Victories: Sudzha
Defeats: Nil
Valky (Plains): 2.0 degrees, Mud 54.0%
Shylkov (Masterful Blitz): 83rd, 48th Tankovaya, 48th Tank, 48th Guards Rifle, "Bashkiri" Cossack Cavalry Division, 3rd Gaurds TC 12
von Truenfeld (Ambush): 2nd SS PzD "Das Reich"
Meyer is toying with the attackers, leading them further into destruction (11/2)
Both sides have completely replaced the original units, and the Russians have benefitted from their greater reserves. The SS are in real trouble.
Rostov Armee (Henrici)
Objectives: Voroshilovgrad, Stalingrad
Victories: 1st and 2nd Konstatinovsk, Severnoye, Bogushevsk, Efremovo Stepanovka, Divnoe, Blagodarnoye
Defeat: Nil
Podgorenskaya (Plains): 2.0 degrees, Mud 36.2%
von Sodenstern (Shock): 1st Pesi divize, 277.ID
Moroz (Defend): 2nd Guards TC 12, Opolcheniye RES: 69th Corps headquarters
The battle may rattle along for another day or so, but the result is known and the Russians have lost
Army of the Crimea (von Falkenhorst)
Objectives: Novy Yakul, Batumi
Victory: Kharkov
Defeat: 1st and 2nd Cerkessk
Ushkalan (Mountain): -9.6 degrees, Frozen 100%
Reverberi (Shock): 2nd Alpini Division "Tridentina", 10th Gebirgsjäger Division
Tang Chi-Chuan (Defend): 10 Min Shi, 8 Xinjiang LE
Trained and equipped mountain troops have it all over the Soviet allies
Unternehmen Barbarossa at midnight 18th January 1944
Code:
Current Prior Total
German Ground losses 33,422 9,240,298 9,273,720
German Bombing losses 438 9,496 9,934
German Total losses 33,860 9,249,794 9,283,654
Soviet Ground losses 53,846 8,876,083 8,929,929
Soviet Bombing losses 9,472 1,243,910 1,253,382
Soviet Total losses 63,318 10,119,993 10,183,311
War at Sea
Code:
Current Prior Total
U-boat losses Nil 14 14
Convoys German Nil 52 52
British 6 718 718
French Nil 26 26
Canadian Nil 96 96
South African Nil 14 14
New Zealand Nil 110 110
Australian Nil 32 32
Belgian Nil 5 5
Norwegian Nil 37 37
Greek Nil 17 17
Soviet Nil 10 10
USA Nil 4 4
Total Allied Convoy Losses 6 1,070 1,076
Code:
Escorts German Nil 11 11
British 4 689 693
Canadian Nil 43 43
French Nil 12 12
New Zealand Nil 20 20
Australian Nil 44 44
Belgian Nil 9 9
Norwegian Nil 9 9
South African Nil 26 26
Greek Nil 6 6
Soviet Nil 7 7
Total Allied Escort Losses 4 862 866
