I only have about 900 hours in the game, but here's my 2 cents.
When playing a long-term multiplayer game like a dev clash:
Marketplaces - on estuaries and trade centers are no brainers. They (usually) pay for themselves very quickly and are not affected by autonomy. Not worth it on regular provinces unless you're trying to control trade in the English channel but only have one side.
Temples - are to be put in any high value provinces you obtain as soon as possible early game. (well, after autonomy drops)
barracks - go anywhere you have 4 or more mil development. very important once you have the money for them, especially in early-mid game, but they're not as important as being able to afford said men in the first place, so after temples.
Manufacturies - critical only if you have the end node or can control your trade, otherwise you're only gaining a part of the benefit and giving the rest away. Focus on gaining the node first.
workshops - only where the province really deserves it if before 1550, but after that date these steadily grow in importance.
regimental camps - when you have the money, put them in your crap provinces. if directly fighting human players this grows in importance and should be a priority behind barracks. After like 1600 at the latest you should be completely covered in these.
forts- I don't need to explain this one.
You guys are forgetting the most important building of all though. the fortified house.
All of these are of secondary importance to capturing more land, but your extra money should not be going to paying for troops over forcelimit (unless at war with a human). spend your money on making more money and then more men.
however, buildings in a large capital or other province are actually more important than conquering territory imo. Placing a temple, marketplace, and workshop in Paris for example nets you as much income as any one province that you could take in a war.