After the announcement of the cultural changes in 1.16 there have been quite a bit discussion about what culture should be in which group, but the real problem is that cultures in reality don't fall into distinct groups. Especially if you separate language from culture like Paradox seems to be doing now, cultures tend to be most closely related to those that are geographically closest to them making almost all culture group borders problematic.
I think the Carpathian culture group which groups together Romanian, Transylvanian, Hungarian and Slovak is a great example of this. Romanian is closely related to Transylvanian and it certainly makes sense to have the two in the same group. The same can be said for Transylvanian and Hungarian as well as Hungarian and Slovak. However, Slovak and Romanian are not related at all and seeing them grouped together is simply wrong, while at the same time Slovak is separated from Czech, which is culturally much closer to it.
For these reasons I think the concept of culture groups should be abandoned entirely. Instead, each culture could have a list of related cultures which would act the same way as the cultures in the same group do now. For example Hungarian would be related to Slovak and Transylvanian, while Slovak would be related to Hungarian and some West Slavic cultures, but not to Transylvanian. There are similar examples all over the world and this kind of system would make culture in the game a lot more realistic.
Another reason why I think culture groups should go is that it's at least for now a very rigid system and it doesn't allow for cultures to shift from one group to another. This could be an interesting gameplay mechanic and it happened historically during the timeline as well. For example Albanians certainly weren'y related to Turks in 1444, but later on the Albanian culture was heavily influenced by the Ottomans. Many Albanians converted to Islam and some reached high ranking positions in the Ottoman Empire. It would be justified to say that the two were related by the end of the timeline, but currently ingame it's not possible for one province Albanian to be accepted in a large country like the Ottoman Empire.
This could also be solved by keeping the culture groups while making them more dynamic, but I think the related cultures approach would be good for this one as well. In practice if for example Austria conquers Hungary and controls enough Hungarian provinces, Hungarian could become related to Austrian. This could happen automatically after some time or it could require an investment of monarch points, whichever works best for the game balance. Essentially this would offer an alternative for culture conversion.
I think the Carpathian culture group which groups together Romanian, Transylvanian, Hungarian and Slovak is a great example of this. Romanian is closely related to Transylvanian and it certainly makes sense to have the two in the same group. The same can be said for Transylvanian and Hungarian as well as Hungarian and Slovak. However, Slovak and Romanian are not related at all and seeing them grouped together is simply wrong, while at the same time Slovak is separated from Czech, which is culturally much closer to it.
For these reasons I think the concept of culture groups should be abandoned entirely. Instead, each culture could have a list of related cultures which would act the same way as the cultures in the same group do now. For example Hungarian would be related to Slovak and Transylvanian, while Slovak would be related to Hungarian and some West Slavic cultures, but not to Transylvanian. There are similar examples all over the world and this kind of system would make culture in the game a lot more realistic.
Another reason why I think culture groups should go is that it's at least for now a very rigid system and it doesn't allow for cultures to shift from one group to another. This could be an interesting gameplay mechanic and it happened historically during the timeline as well. For example Albanians certainly weren'y related to Turks in 1444, but later on the Albanian culture was heavily influenced by the Ottomans. Many Albanians converted to Islam and some reached high ranking positions in the Ottoman Empire. It would be justified to say that the two were related by the end of the timeline, but currently ingame it's not possible for one province Albanian to be accepted in a large country like the Ottoman Empire.
This could also be solved by keeping the culture groups while making them more dynamic, but I think the related cultures approach would be good for this one as well. In practice if for example Austria conquers Hungary and controls enough Hungarian provinces, Hungarian could become related to Austrian. This could happen automatically after some time or it could require an investment of monarch points, whichever works best for the game balance. Essentially this would offer an alternative for culture conversion.
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